Objective: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in adults is a rare malignancy. The objective of our study was to determine presentation, treatment, patterns of failure, and outcome in this disease. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 25 patients of adult (>16 years) RMS who were treated at our institute from 2000 to 2009 was carried out. Tumors were classified according to the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) staging. All patients were treated with multimodality treatment except for three patients who received chemotherapy as the only modality. Results: The median age was 19 years (range, 16-68 years). The most common site was head and neck (52%) followed by extremities (24%), genitourinary (20%), and retroperitoneal RMS (4%). Three out of 25 patients presented with distant metastasis. With a median follow-up of 45 months, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 45%. The 5-year local control (LC) rate was 53%. IRS grouping and complete response after primary therapy were predictors of a better survival. Conclusions: RMS in adults have poor prognosis as compared to childhood RMS. Adult RMS should therefore be treated aggressively with multidisciplinary approach comprising of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to achieve cure and prolonged survival.

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Uveal melanoma is a cancer (melanoma) of the eye involving the iris, ciliary body, or choroid (collectively referred to as the uvea). The liver is a frequent site for metastasis in patients with uveal melanoma. The interval between the diagnosis of the uveal melanoma and the diagnosis of the metastatic lesion can vary. Despite therapy, the median survival of those with liver metastasis is 5-7 months. We report here a rare case of choriodal melanoma in a 45-year-old male smoker presented with liver metastasis within just 8 months after completion of initial treatments consists of enucleation of eye and 3 Dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). The metastasis is an incidental finding on imaging after having some vague symptoms. This type of very early metastasis after completing initial treatment is very rare and proves the aggressiveness of the disease.

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Krukenberg tumor is bilateral ovarian carcinoma's metastasizing most commonly from a gastric primary followed by a colon. We report a case of 36-year-old female with bilateral ovarian mass diagnosed as Krukenberg with a work up for locating the primary site. In this case, we discuss widely the clinical aspects with histopathological features and literature review of Krukenberg tumor.

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Surface epithelial tumors of the ovary comprise over fourth of the ovarian neoplasms. Serous adenofibromas are lesser known variants of serous surface epithelial tumors. Though these tumors have a benign fate, yet they can be misinterpreted clinically and radiologically due to their borderline or malignant gross morphological as well as clinical presentation. The cell of origin of surface epithelial tumors of the ovary is histological debated; however, it is now ascertained to have origins from the ovarian cortical and surface lining. Adenofibromas are known to progress in an indolent manner with metachronous behavior for years. The present case is of an ovarian serous adenofibroma in a young female masquerading as peritoneal carcinomatosis.

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Although transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is most common histological subtype, calcification in TCC is rarely seen. We report a 64-year-old gentleman who on evaluation found to have calcification in TCC of urinary bladder and its implication on calcium metabolism and management.

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We present a case of a cystic adenomatoid tumor in a 40-year-old woman. The tumor was an intramural multicystic mass, histologically similar to a multicystic mesothelioma. Cystic adenomatoid tumors of the uterus are extremely rare. They present with a wide differential diagnosis in radiology. The tumors are known to be benign and awareness of this rare entity is the key to its diagnosis for a pathologist.

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Isolated pontine lesion can be caused by the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). It does occur in the normotensive patient who is treated with oxaliplatin. We reported a case of 81-year-old Chinese man with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who was initially treated with capecitabine. No significant adverse effects were noted. However, the response to the treatment was poor. Subsequently, Xelox was given. He developed transient altered mental status. Oxaliplatin was thought to be the causative agent and was withheld. Magnetic resonance imaging brain revealed vasogenic edema in the pons that was reversible after 2 weeks, as well as complete resolution of clinical symptoms. Early identification of the reversible cause of isolated pontine lesion, such as chemo, triggered PRES is crucial to facilitate prompt treatment by removing the offending agent or reducing the dose.

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Small bowel intussusception is an uncommon condition with cases of duodenoduodenal intussusception (DDI) being exceptionally rare. Adult intussusception occurs infrequently and differs from childhood intussusception in its presentation, etiology, and treatment. DDI is very unusual due to the fixed position of the duodenum within the retroperitoneum. The lead point usually is hamartomatous polyp, adenoma, or adenocarcinoma. Only few cases of DDI in adults have been reported in the literature. We herein report a series of three cases of DDI encountered in a tertiary level research institute. All cases had underlying abnormality acting as lead point with different etiologies. DDI is a challenging condition due to its rarity and nonspecific presentation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction, pancreatitis, and obstructive jaundice. We elaborate this condition with a detailed review of the literature to gain a better understanding of its clinical features and enable early diagnosis.

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Background: Aim was to evaluate the dose distribution within the thyroid gland its association with hypothyroidism in breast cancer (BC) patients receiving supraclavicular (SC) radiation therapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Consecutive 40 BC patients with baseline normal thyroid function tests (TFTs), were randomized into two groups: (a) Adjuvant chest wall/breast with SC-RT (20 patients) and (b) control group (adjuvant chest wall/breast RT only); 20 patients. The thyroid gland was contoured for each patient. Each patient's dose volume histogram (DVH), mean thyroid volume, the volume percentages of the thyroid absorbing respectively 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Gy (V5, V10, V20, V30, V40, and V50), and D _mean (average dose in whole volume of thyroid) were then estimated. TFTs were performed at the time of the last follow-up and compared. Results: Mean thyroid volume of cohort was 19.6 cm ³ (4.02-93.52) and D _mean of thyroid gland in SC-RT and control group was 25.8 Gy (16.4-52.2) and 5.6 Gy (0.7-12.8), respectively. Median values of V5, V10, V20, V30, V40, and V50 were 54%, 51%, 42.8%, 30.8%, 27.8%, and 7.64%, respectively, in SC-RT as compared to control group (V5;4.9%, V10;2.4%, V20;1.75%, V301%, V40;0%, and V50;0%, respectively) with P < 0.0001. At 52 months, a majority of patients (90%) had a normal thyroid function whereas four patients (10%) had hypothyroidism; 3/20 (15%) patients in SC-RT and 1/20 (5%) in control group with P < 0.001. Significant prognostic factors were; SC-RT (P = 0.001), V30 above 50% (P = 0.001), and smaller thyroid volume (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The risk of hypothyroidism in BC patients after SC-RT depends on the thyroid gland volume and V30 >50% and the risk can be minimized by thyroid gland shielding during RT.

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Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of salivary glands, usually occurs in major salivary glands (mostly in parotid gland). It also affects the minor salivary glands present in the oral cavity. Most of the time it occurs in postero-lateral part of palate, but the involvement of upper lip is rare. The present report describes a case of 55-year-old male with asymptomatic firm nodular swelling of upper lip which was later diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma.

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A case of a 70-year-old Egyptian postmenopausal woman presenting a Brenner's tumor associated with mucinous cystadenoma weighing 20.7 kg is reported here. Patient was admitted in our hospital with abdominal pain of one-month duration. On abdominal ultrasound, a huge heterogeneous mass was found to encompass the whole abdomen. At laparotomy, a giant, right heterogeneous mass was encountered and removed intact by right salpingo-oophorectomy. On the seventh postoperative day, she was discharged without any problem. Her pathology report disclosed a 52 x 41 x 36 cm, partially solid, partially cystic mass diagnosed as benign Brenner's tumor with mucinous cystadenoma weighing 20.7 kg. This is the largest ovarian mass that is ever reported in our hospital and one of the largest among the reported cases in the literature.

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Background: Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (UC-CRC) is a serious complication of UC. Data on the clinical characteristics of patients in China are scarce. Aims: We aimed to study the incidence, characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of CRC patients with a history of UC. Materials and Methods: We identified patients with UC and followed them until the first occurrence of cancer, death, or emigration in a single study center in China. Results: A total of 4 UC-associated CRC patients were identified among the 642 cases recorded from January 2000 to December 2012. The overall risk of cancer was 0.64%. The overall median duration of UC was 15.5 years (range 6-21 years) in patients with UC-associated CRC. Of these patients, 75% (3/4) were at an advanced stage when they were diagnosed. Longer disease duration and extensive colitis were identified as risk factors for developing CRC, and 5-aminosalicylic acid and steroid therapies were not identified as protective factors against UC-associated CRC. Conclusions: Patients with UC are at an increased risk for CRC. However, the prevalence of CRC in China remains lower than that in the West.

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Drop metastases from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) to the spinal cord are extremely rare in clinical practice. We report herewith multiple drop metastases to the cervical and thoracic spinal cord presenting as paraplegia in a patient treated initially with tumor resection followed by chemoradiation and later with temozolomide-.based adjuvant chemotherapy.

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Context: Management of extravasation injuries over the dorsum of hand after administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Aim: To study the results of hypogastric flap reconstruction in chemotherapy extravasation wounds over dorsum of hand. Settings and Design: Retrospective study. Subjects and Methods: At our center over 3-years period, 32 patients were treated for chemotherapy extravasation wounds. Out of these 32 patients, seven had wound over dorsum of hand. There were five males and two females, and their mean age was 45 years (range, 19 - 64 years). These patients with wound over the dorsum of hand were treated with multiple debridements and hypogastric flap reconstruction. Results: The mean interval between extravasation wound and surgical treatment was 6.28 days (range, 4 - 10). The mean size of extravasation wound defect was 14 × 8 (range, 12 × 7 to 18 × 8). Non-dominant hand was involved in six patients and dominant hand in one patient. In four patients, the hypogastric flap was supplemented with skin graft. The hypogastric flap settled well in all patients and enabled a good wound cover. Complete division of the flap and final insetting was done under local anesthesia after 3 weeks; this was followed by limb mobilization exercises. Contour difference over the dorsum of hand was present in all the cases. The range of movement of the hand was functionally restricted in one patient. No patient in current series developed wound infection. Conclusion: Hypogastric flap is a reliable flap to cover wound over dorsum of hand after extravasation of chemotherapeutic agents.

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Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of both areas of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Only few cases of oral adenosquamous carcinoma have been previously reported in the literature. It has been described as a squamous cell carcinoma subtype with a high infiltrative capacity. This paper reports a rare case of adenosquamous carcinoma that involved the upper left buccal mucosa in a 55.year.old man.

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Aim: Dosimetric properties of a CCD camera-based Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) for clinical dosimetric application have been evaluated. Characteristics obtained by EPID also compared with commercial 2D array of ion chambers. Materials and Methods: Portal images acquired in dosimetry mode then exported raw fluence or uncorrected images were investigated. Integration time of image acquisition mode has adjusted on 1 s per frame. Results: As saturation of camera of the EPID, dose response does not have linear behavior. The slight nonlinearity of the camera response can be corrected by a logarithmic expression. A fourth order polynomial regression model with coefficient of determination of 0.998 predicts a response to absolute dose values at less than 50 cGy. A field size dependent response of up to 7% (0.99-1.06) relative OCTAVIUS detector measurement was found. The EPID response can be fitted by a cubic regression for field size changes, yielded coefficient of determination of 0.999. Conclusions: These results indicate that the EPID is well suited for accurate dosimetric purposes, the major limitation currently being due to integration time and dead-time in frame acquisition.

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Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is rare and highly malignant neoplasm. DSRCT affects usually young males but can occur in adults also. Intra-abdominal pelvic region is the preferred site. Though confirmed by histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a key role in diagnosis. IHC profile is characteristic, it shows simultaneous expression of epithelial (epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and cytokeratin (CK)), muscular (desmin), and neural (neuron-specific enolase) markers. Many cases of DSRCT are diagnosed as poorly differentiated carcinoma due to lack of proper panel of IHC. It is difficult to predict if there has been a true increase in incidence. Prognosis is uncertain in such an aggressive neoplasm as chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT) shows various outcomes. Here in; we report four cases, all of which showed diagnostic dilemma and uncertain prognosis.

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Invasive papillary carcinoma of the breast is a rare, distinct variant comprising approximately less than 1-2% of all newly diagnosed cases of breast carcinoma and is usually found in postmenopausal women with a more favorable prognosis. We report an unusual case in a 45-year-old perimenopausal female who came with a complaint of lump in right breast for duration of 1 year. A simple mastectomy was undertaken for histopathological study and immunohistochemistry (IHC) which showed characteristic features of an invasive papillary breast carcinoma. We present this case in view of its rarity and to highlight this clinicopathological subtype for its good prognosis and to avoid overtreatment.

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The present case report defines a rare case of a liposarcoma with bone metastasis resulting in a complete remission (CR) following trabectedin treatment. The patient was referred with abdominal swelling and pain. A retroperitoneal mass was detected and described as dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS). The mass was surgically removed and consequently adjuvant chemotherapy was administered. Three months after the completion of chemotherapy, patient presented with bone metastasis in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Vertebroplasty and radiotherapy (RT) was performed. After these therapies, bone pain persisted and bone scintigraphy showed increased activity in L4, T11, and T12 vertebrae. Zoledronic acid was added to trabectedin treatment. CR has been detected on bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) after 18 weeks. Previous cases about liposarcoma treated with trabectedin were mostly about the myxoid/round cell type (former name, currently known as myxoid liposarcoma (MLS)) and mostly reported partial responses. In this study, trabectedin was used for the treatment of a metastatic retroperitoneal DDLS and a CR was achieved.

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Purpose: To evaluate the on-board imager cone beam CT (OBI-CBCT) Hounsfield units (HUs) for treatment planning. Materials and Methods: The HU-electron density (eD) calibration for CBCT, the CATphan504 phantom was used, and the CBCT HU (HU _CBCT ) consistency was studied by analyzing the CBCT images of Rando phantom and compared with planning CT. The latter study was also performed on CBCT images of 10 H&N patients. For comparison, the structures contoured and treatment plans generated on CT were transferred on to the CBCT after registration. The treatment plans were compared using gamma (g) index analysis and the plan comparison dose volume histograms (DVH _PlanComp ). Results: Although the HU-eD calibration curves of both the planning CT and CBCT were found to be linear, differences in mean HU values were found in the region of interest (ROI) corresponding to Acrylic, Derlin, and Teflon, viz., 144 ± 11 HU, 193 ± 5 HU, and 257 ± 7 HU respectively. For all the cases, the consistency and reproducibility of HU _CBCT values for low density medium agreed the HU _CT except at regions of high density. Overall g-evaluation showed more than 94% pixels pass rate and DVH results showed small difference in the DVH _{PlanComp, Rando,} and large differences in DVH _{PlanComp, patient} for structures contoured at peripheral regions (PV) of CBCT images. Conclusions: We conclude that the pixel-to-pixel HU corrections for entire range of eD are not necessary for OBI-CBCT images. Application of local correction in the high-density and penumbral regions would facilitate the use of CBCT images for routine treatment planning.

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Wilms' tumor presents a diagnostic problem due to its rare occurrence in adults. Most of the cases of adult Wilms' tumor are diagnosed unexpectedly following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. We are reporting herein a rare case of Adult Wilms' tumor of kidney with triphasic histology and distant metastasis to lung.

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Urinary bladder paragangliomas are rare with a reported incidence of <1% of bladder tumors. In the absence of typical clinical features, histopathology helps in rendering definitive diagnosis. We describe a case of nonfunctional urinary bladder paraganglioma in a 28-year-old male who presented with the chief complaint of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was made by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. It is important to distinguish paraganglioma from urothelial carcinoma as the treatment differs. This is an additional case of nonfunctional urinary bladder paraganglioma in a male patient with a brief review of the literature.

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Objective: In this report, we determined the efficacy and the toxicity of low dose weekly gemcitabine with radiotherapy, in medically unfit or refused surgery muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) patients. Materials and Methods: From 2008 to 2012, 15 patients were included into the retrospective analysis. Weekly gemcitabine was administered at a rate of 50 mg/m ² with a median dose of 63 Gy radiotherapy. Results: The median age was 69 (range, 55-86). Median follow-up was 15 months (range, 5-53 months). A complete response was achieved in 12 patients (80%). Median progression free survival and overall survival were 15 months (range, 7-23 months) and 18 months (range not calculated), respectively. Local recurrence was found in 3 patients (20%) and distant recurrence was found in 5 patients (33.3%) for the entire group. While salvage surgery was performed on 1 patient, salvage chemotherapy was delivered for 4 patients. Treatment was well tolerated, there was no treatment interruption or instances of toxic death. A serious toxicity (grade 3) cystitis was seen in only 1 patient. Conclusions: Multimodality treatment of muscle invasive BC proved a feasible and effective treatment option. Gemcitabine based chemoradiation is an active treatment option with a low toxicity profile for patients with muscle invasive BC, who are not suitable medically or refused to surgery.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal disorder of unknown etiology and characterized by the proliferation of dendritic cells. LCH most commonly involves the bone followed by the skin and the lymph nodes. Recently, only a few cases of LCH with predominant lymph node involvement have been diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A 2-year-old boy presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, and cough. The patient had hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and lytic lesions in the skull. FNAC from the largest submandibular lymph node showed features of LCH. The large cells of LCH showed positive immunostaining for S-100 protein on FNAC smears. Later, lymph node biopsy and immunohistochemistry against S-100 protein and CD1a confirmed the diagnosis of LCH. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and he is under regular follow-up. This case report highlights the importance of FNAC as a rapid and accurate investigation in the diagnosis of lymph node predominant LCH.

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Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) occurs in various bone marrow disorders and is most commonly seen in thalassemia and myelofibrosis. Here, we report a patient with beta-thalassemia and nasopharyngeal carcinoma having intrathoracic EMH. Our patient is a 42-year-old man who complained of chest discomfort for a month. He was confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (T3N2M0) by histopathology and received chemoradiotherapy 4 months ago. The patient had a long history of beta-thalassemia and a splenectomy due to splenomegaly at 12 years of age. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed multiple soft tissue masses in bilateral thoracic cavities. 18F-FDG-PET showed no obvious increase of fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake by the lesions, with an SUVmax value of approximately 2.19. These lesions were considered EMH. The patient had been followed up for more than 1 year, and there were no changes of the lesions in the thoracic cavities.

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Carcinosarcoma (CS) of breast is a rare disease. Published reports provided little consensus about its clinical characteristics and optimal treatment protocols. Here we present a patient with CS of breast (mucinous carcinoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma) and review related literature. Combined modality treatment (CMT) brings at least 2 year disease-free survival (DFS). Our case highlights the possibility of breast CS and helps to expand our understanding of this distinct breast malignancy.

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Background: Oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) are the main potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral mucosa. Myofibroblasts (MFs) secrete numerous growth factors and inflammatory mediators that stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and play an important role in tumoral invasion and use a combination of different factors in the course of neoplastic growth and development. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the distribution of MFs using alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in OL, OSMF, and various histopathological grades OSCC. Materials and Methods: Sixty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks consisting of histopathologically diagnosed cases of normal mucosa (n = 10), OL (n = 14) hyperkeratosis with various grades of dysplasia, OSMF (n = 11), and OSCC (n = 25) were subjected to immunohistochemistry using α-SMA antibody for detection of MFs. Results: MFs were not detected in normal oral mucosa. On comparison of frequency of mean scores in OL, OSMF, and OSCC the values were 0.6 ± 0.2 (0-2), 1.2 ± 0.68 (1-2), and 2.6 ± 1.34 (0-4), respectively. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings are suggestive of role of MFs with the creation of a permissive environment for tumor invasion in OSCC. Hence the presence of MF is a prognostic marker and evaluation of the frequency in the stroma can be used as therapeutic targets.

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Large lymphoid proliferations are usually regarded as synonymous with lymphomas. However, lymphoma-like lesions. (LLLs) of the cervix are amongst the exception. We report a 46-year-old woman who complained of irregular menses and was found to have superficial erosion in cervix, which on biopsy showed clusters of large atypical appearing lymphoid cells admixed with smaller reactive lymphoid cells. On immunohistochemistry, these large cells were strongly positive for CD20 and CD30 and the background cells were reactive to CD3. Based on the superficial nature of infiltrate and absence of a mass-forming lesion, a diagnosis of LLL of cervix was made. Despite a benign diagnosis, a hysterectomy was done on patient's insistence and only a focus of lymphoid cells similar to biopsy was seen on the operated specimen. Patient is free of disease on follow-up.

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Osteosarcoma is the commonest primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Giant cell rich osteosarcoma is a rare subtype of conventional osteosarcoma. Osteosarcomas commonly involve the metaphysis and meta-diaphysis of long bones. We report a 19-year-old girl with giant cell rich osteosarcoma of the medial and intermediate cuneiform bones. Even though, giant cell rich osteosarcoma is frequently mistaken for osteoclastoma of the bone; age of onset, location of lesion, radiological features, and histological characteristics on a high power field helps to differentiate the two conditions. Appropriate and early diagnosis of this variant possibly averts severe morbidity and mortality to the patient. Nonmetastatic osteosarcomas in the foot have better prognosis and are amenable to limb salvage surgeries.

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Basal cell adenoma (BCA) of the salivary glands is an uncommon type of monomorphic adenoma which constitutes 1% of all salivary gland tumors. It most commonly involves parotid gland, while it rarely occurs in minor salivary glands. Upper lip, buccal mucosa, and lower lip are the common intraoral sites; whereas, palate being the rarest one. Due to prognostic implications, differential diagnosis with basal cell adenocarcinoma, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is mandatory. Considering the rarity of this lesion and histologic paradox regarding its diagnosis, we report a case of BCA of palate with emphasis on need of comprehensive immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis.

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Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a well-documented abnormality of the sex chromosome, with an incidence of 1 in 600 newborn males. It is characterized by a 47, XXY or a mosaic karyotype, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, infertility, reduced body hair, gynecomastia, and tall stature. Different neoplasms such as breast, testicular, and lymphoreticular malignancies may occur in 1% to2% of the cases with KS. Herein we describe a case of mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor (GCT) in a 40-year-old male with KS. Interestingly, this case also had mitral valve prolapse, and an incidental papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland. In view of the presence of pulmonary nodules, antemortem differential diagnoses considered were mycobacterial infection, lymphoma, thymic carcinoma, and a primary/metastatic neoplasm of the lung. As GCT was not considered, the serum markers of a GCT were not performed. The diagnosis of this rare mediastinal mixed GCT with KS was made at autopsy.

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Background: Chemotherapeutic resistance is a main problem in clinical breast cancer therapy. The purpose of our study is to investigate whether the combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survivin siRNA treatment could enhance the therapeutic effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using paclitaxel or epirubicin. Materials and Methods: The molecular cloning technique was applied to construct the expression vector of siRNA against survivin. Effectene Transfection Reagent was used to transfect plasmids to MCF-7 cells. Survivin expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. The effect of paclitaxel or epirubicin, with or without the combination of survivin siRNA treatment, on drug susceptibility of MCF-7 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. MCF-7 cell apoptosis was detected by Flow Cytometry. Results: Survivin siRNA effectively inhibited the expression of Survivin RNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). Both paclitaxel and epirubicin can suppress the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and induce apoptosis to a certain degree respectively. The combination of survivin siRNA with the two chemotherapy drugs significantly enhanced both effects of the two chemotherapeutics respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Survivin siRNA combined with the neoadjuvant chemotherapy can significantly enhance the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to chemotherapeutics and cell apoptosis. This technology has important potential value in the therapeutic study of breast cancer.

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Context: Lymph node metastasis has an important bearing on the staging of breast cancer. Lymph node metastasis occurs by hematogenous and lymphatic spread. The hematogenous and lymphatic spread can be quantified by the blood vessel and lymphatic vessel density in the intra-tumoral and peri-tumoral zone by specific markers for blood vessels and lymph vessels. Aims: In this study, we are trying to study the localization of podoplanin in lymph vessels of invasive breast carcinoma, to quantify lymphangiogenesis in tissue sections of invasive breast carcinomas by podoplanin immunohistochemistry (IHC) by D2-40 antibody, and compare it with blood microvessel count using CD-31 antibody and correlating clinicopathologic parameters with the results of IHC. Materials and Methods: IHC for biomarkers D2-40 and CD-31 were performed on sections from 30 mastectomy specimens to assess blood vessel and lymphatic vessel density in intra-tumoral and peri-tumoral zone. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 statistical analysis software. Results: The results showed that both lymph vessel density and blood vessel density increased with the increase in lymph node ratio. Lymph node ratio is the ratio of positive lymph nodes to the total number of lymph nodes removed. Conclusion: Taking into account our small sample size, we conclude that a further large-sized study should be carried out to further prove the role of lymphatics in tumor dissemination. New therapeutic options can be developed targeting the lymphatic channels to arrest the lymphatic spread of the breast cancer.

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Aim: This meta-analysis aims to determine the accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the qualitative diagnosis of metastatic sentinel lymph node (SLN) for patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We screened PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CISCOM, CINAHL, Google Scholar, CBM, and CNKI databases. All analyses were calculated using the STATA software, version 12.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). We calculated the summary statistics for sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spe), positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR ⁺ /LR^-), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. Thirteen articles that met all inclusion criteria were included in this meta-analysis. Results: A total of 876 breast cancer patients were assessed, including 372 patients with metastatic SLN and 504 patients without metastatic SLN. All SLN were histologically confirmed after conducting CEUS. The pooled Sen was 0.80 (95%CI = 0.76-0.84); the pooled Spe was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.91-0.96). The pooled LR ⁺ was 6.28 (95%CI = 3.61-10.92); the pooled negative LR ^- was 0.218 (95% CI = 0.10-0.31). The pooled DOR of CEUS in qualitative diagnosis of SLN metastasis was 49.10 (95% CI = 27.89-86.45). The area under the SROC curve was 0.937 (standard error [SE] =0.0128). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that CEUS may have high a diagnostic accuracy in testing for metastatic SLN in breast cancer. Thus, CEUS may be a good tool for differential diagnosis between metastatic and non-metastatic SLN.

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Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an autoimmune disease commonly affecting sun-exposed areas of the skin. Subjects with DLE have high-levels of plasmacytoid dendritic cells -derived interferon-a, which mediates both loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens and exaggerated inflammatory state, and supports proliferation and differentiation of hyperactive B-cells. In a few cases, DLE of the lips, scalp, ears or nose may eventually progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Photosensitivity and the long-standing immune-mediated chronic inflammation and dysregulated healing characterized by atrophy, hypopigmentation or scarring inherent to DLE are risk factors for progression to SCC. We review some aspects of the pathogenesis of DLE and the possible roles of inflammation and photosensitivity in the carcinomatous transformation of DLE keratinocytes, and present an illustrative case of DLE of the lower lip in an HIV-tuberculosis co-infected black person, that progressed to SCC.

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Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is a rare tumor. Primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas of urinary bladder are morphologically similar, but histogenetically different. We present two cases, a signet ring cell adenocarcinoma with follow-up and another of glandular adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder. Pathological evaluation and immunohistochemical panel of eight markers (E-cadherin, CK20, CK7, CDX2, estrogen receptor (ER), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), 34bE12, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) provides a diagnostic confirmation of primary adenocarcinoma with the positive expression of E-cadherin and CK20 in case 1 and metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostate with profile of E-cadherin+, CK20-, GCDFP15+, 34bE12+, and PSA+ in case 2.

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Background: Lenalidomide an immunomodulatory agent has shown activity in relapsed/refractory lymphoma. This study was conducted to evaluate its efficacy and optimal dose in Indian patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma who were unable or unwilling to undergo autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Materials and Methods: Patients received oral lenalidomide at 20 mg on days 1-21 every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results: A total of 25 patients received lenalidomide at a starting dose of 20 mg. Majority of patients were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The overall response rate (ORR) was 48%, with 16% achieved complete remission (CR)/unconfirmed CR (CRu), 32% partial response (PR) and 16% stable disease (SD) Among patients with DLBCL the ORR was of 33.3%; with CR/CRu 20%, PR (13.3%), 20% had SD, progressive disease (PD) was seen in seven patients (46.6%). All follicular lymphoma patients responded to treatment, with CR in one patient and PR in other two. Among patients with mantle cell lymphoma, ORR was 75% with PR in (75%) and SD in 25%. One case of transformed lymphoma had a PR and peripheral T-cell lymphoma had no response to treatment. The median duration of response was 8.5 months, with a time to response of 3 months. Median progression free survival was not reached in responding patients. Conclusion: Lenalidomide is an effective treatment option in relapsed refractory non hodgkin's lymphoma.

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Malignant extra-renal rhabdoid tumor (MERT) is a rare highly aggressive tumor that occurs in young children with the very poor clinical outcome. The tumor is characterized by a diffuse proliferation of "rhabdoid cells," which are round or polygonal with eccentric nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm containing hyaline-like inclusion bodies. However, rhabdoid cells are also seen in certain other soft tissue sarcomas such as proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma, rarely synovial sarcoma, and extra-skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Because of its poor prognosis and histomorphological similarities with other soft tissue tumors, an accurate diagnosis is required using a wide immunohistochemical panel. Very few cases of MERT have been reported in the literature and to our knowledge none in the supra-glottis area. Due to the rarity and poor outcome of this tumor, we are reporting two cases of MERT.

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Ovarian carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare tumor with an incidence of <2%. A report of such a rare case in a 40--year-old multiparous woman is being presented here. The patient complained of abdominal pain and distension. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a variegated mass in the right adnexal region. The CA-125 level was 1635 U/ml. The patient underwent laparotomy and the tumor was removed. Microscopic examination of the tumor showed presence of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the carcinomatous component was positive for cytokeratin and estrogen receptor and negative for progesterone receptor. The sarcomatous component was positive for vimentin. Ki-67 was positive in 60% cells. A final diagnosis of ovarian carcinosarcoma was rendered. This case is significant owing to extreme rarity of the tumor. Records of similar cases must be maintained for future reference with regard to impact of treatment protocol followed on prognosis.

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Myoepithelioma, once considered to be a type of pleomorphic adenoma, is a rare benign tumor of the salivary glands. This uncommon tumor is most commonly diagnosed in the parotid gland and in the minor salivary glands of the palate. We report a case of myoepithelioma located at the base of tongue, a rare site, in a 48-year-old male, composed of spindle shaped myoepithelial cells.

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Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign breast entity described first by Vuitch et al., in 1986. PASH is a benign stromal lesion containing complex anastomosing channels lined by slender spindle cells. It can be mistaken with fibroadenoma on ultrasound examination and histologically with low-grade angiosarcoma and phyllodes tumor. Here, presented is a case report of a 30-year-old female who presented with huge palpable lump in left breast. Ultrasonography revealed the lesion as giant fibroadenoma and fine needle aspiration cytology report was suggestive of cystosarcoma phyllodes. Excision and reduction mammoplasty was done and histopathology report was suggestive of PASH.

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Malignant mixed Mllerian tumors (MMMTs) of the uterus are rare, aggressive tumors that present at an advanced stage and are associated with poor prognosis. They arise as a result of divergent carcinomatous and mesenchymal differentiation of tumor stem cells. Rarely one of the components may predominate contributing to diagnostic confusion. We present a rare case of uterine MMMT arising in endometrial adenocarcinoma, camouflaging as pelvic sarcoma with a major sarcomatous component. This case report highlights the importance of thorough tissue sampling and the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. This case also demonstrates the conversion theory of histogenesis of MMMTs.

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Malignant melanomas often present with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Patients are also known to present with metastatic nodes in the absence of a known primary. However metastatic melanoma involving the stomach is rare in the scenario of an unknown primary lesion. We present a case of a 41-year-old lady who was treated for nodal disease in the right axilla 8. months earlier with an unknown primary. She later presented to us with a recurrent right axillary swelling and on evaluation was found to also have a nodular deposit on the greater curvature of the stomach. Histopathology of the deposit in conjunction with immunohistochemical markers S.100P, Melan-A and HMB-45, confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. The patient underwent surgical excision of both lesions and is now on regular follow-up.

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Background: Cardiotoxicity, during or after therapy, is the most serious side effect of doxorubicin (DXR). The risk of developing cardiac impairment increases concomitantly with an increase in the cumulative dose of DXR. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the levels of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in DXR induced cardiac injury. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups; a control group and two-study groups that received low-dose DXR (LDD) and high-dose DXR (HDD) in a weekly schedule for reaching a cumulative dose. Results: Serum cTnI level was significantly increased in both LDD and HDD-treated groups. Although serum BNP was not significantly increased either LDD or HDD-treated groups, ET-1 levels was significantly increased in only HDD-treated groups. Histopathologic injury was more evident in HDD-treated group. Conclusions: Serum cTnI was increased even in LDD and parallel to it low cardiac injury induced by DXR. In the low-dose group, BNP and ET-1 levels were not elevated significant as cTnI despite cardiac injury. Thus, cTnI may be a predictive marker in of DXR-induced cardiotoxicity.

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Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon, locally aggressive, soft tissue tumor. Its occurrence over face is very rare. We are presenting a case of giant DFSP over left cheek, which produces oncological, functional and esthetic challenges and deals by multidisciplinary team. We also reviewed the relevant literature in short.

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Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm that typically affects females of reproductive age. It involves preferentially pelvic and perineal regions and was first described by Steeper and Rosai in 1983. Peak age of incidence for this tumor is in the fourth decade with very few cases reported in young girls. We present a case of this rare tumor in a 13-year-old female.

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Osseous metaplasia with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is exceedingly rare. There are less than 20 reported cases of osseous metaplasia in association with RCC. We present a case of 39-year-old male patient presented to outpatient department with complaints of pain in the left lumbar region since 4 years. Computed tomography scan revealed a heterogeneous enhanced mass lesion having areas of necrosis and specks of calcification involving the left kidney. Clinicoradiological diagnosis of RCC was made and left radical nephrectomy was performed. Histological sections from the growth revealed features of clear cell carcinoma Fuhrman grade-2 with a focal area of metaplastic bone formation. The prognostic implications of calcification per se are not very clearly mentioned in the literature. Patients with osseous metaplasia generally present with early stage disease and a favorable prognosis. However, few of them were of high grade and poorer prognosis.

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We report a case of a 32-year-old lady with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on Imatinib for the past four years and in complete clinical, hematological and molecular remission who presented to us with sudden onset of headache, vomiting and diplopia following self discontinuation of Imatinib for a month. Investigations were suggestive of chronic phase CML (CML-CP) with massive thrombocytosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed subdural hematoma. Coagulation studies confirmed the diagnosis of Acquired von Willebrand disease (AvWD) 2A because of thrombocytosis. The patient also tested positive for mutation T315I in bcr-abl gene. Treatment of the patient with high dose of Imatinib and hydroxyurea led to normalisation of platelet counts, reversal of coagulation defect and subsidence of symptoms. The present case highlights the importance of diagnosis of AvWD to determine the cause of bleeding in CML and distinguish it from Imatinib-induced bleeding, as prompt treatment with Imatinib can achieve reversal of the condition.

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Aim: The aims of the present investigation were to evaluate the antitumor effect of chelerythrine (CHE) on in vivo growth and survival duration of BALB/c (H ^2d ) mice bearing Dalton's lymphoma (DL) and enhanced function of tumor associated NK cells (TANK cells). Materials and Methods: BALB/c (H ^2d ) mice at 8-10 weeks of age of either sex were used. Increasing concentration of CHE (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg), staurosporine (0.625, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally and tumor regression and survival duration of tumor bearing host were determined, and thereafter expression of NKG2D and NKG2A on TANK cells were detected. Results: Our results show that treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of CHE results in a significant reduction in mean tumor volume and increased survival duration of DL bearing BALB/c (H ^2d ) mice when compared to control. Activating receptor NKG2D on TANK cells were observed upregulated in contrast to inhibitory receptor NKG2A. Conclusions: CHE reduced mean tumor volume and increased survival duration of DL bearing BALB/c (H ^2d ) mice. Increased expression of activating receptor NKG2D on TANK cells results in recovery of immunosuppression during tumor progression. Therefore, CHE could be a potential anticancer therapeutic agent that may be used to replace chemo-radio-therapy in future.

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Today's practice in medicine has reached remarkable change mainly due to the advances in the field. Odontogenic tumors represent a spectrum of lesions ranging from hamartomas to benign and malignant neoplasms. Rarely, odontogenic tumors pose a challenge due to varied histological features. But appropriate and accurate diagnosis is crucial for further treatment and follow-up as these have an influence on the prognosis. In such situations, immunohistochemical. (IHC) markers play a significant role in the differentiating various lesions. Within its palette of histology, there are multiple histopathological presentations, many a times these features come in an intermixed pattern simulating different origin. We here, report such a case presented in a 70-year-old female came with a complaint of swelling in the posterior maxilla. The microscopic findings were indicative of a benign neoplasm. To know the nature of the lesion and arrive at a diagnosis, many IHC markers were used. Based on all these findings, a final diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma was arrived.

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Krukenberg tumor (KT), mostly originates from gastric cancer, is the metastatic tumor of ovaries accounting for 1–2% of all ovarian cancer. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, distension, and ascites. Rests of the patients have non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms including dyspepsia, weight loss, nausea and vomiting. Gynecologic symptoms such as virilization, menstrual bleeding or irregularity and amenorrhea are much less frequent in the literature cases. Here, we present an unusual case of KT presented with amenorrhea as the sole initial symptom.

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Angiosarcomas are rare tumors that predominantly affect adults. Hepatic angiosarcoma in a child is extremely rare and associated with a poor prognosis. Herein, we report the pathologic features of a hepatic angiosarcoma developing in a 31/2-year-old child who had been earlier diagnosed and was being treated for hepatic hemangioendothelioma.

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Purpose: To screen key modules and explore the potential mechanism of conventional colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC). Materials and Methods: The microarray data of GSE36758 and GSE8671 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SAC versus colon carcinoma (CC) and CC versus normal control (NC) group were analyzed and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for DEGs were constructed. The modules of PPI networks were further analyzed and the function enrichment analysis of all enrolled DEGs was carried out based on ToppGene database. Results: Total eight DEGs (SAC vs. CC) and 445 DEGs (CC vs. NC) were extracted based on the gene expression profile of GSE36758 and GSE8671, respectively. Total three PPI networks were constructed with DEGs in CC versus NC, SAC versus CC group, and DEGs in both two groups. Three modules were extracted from the PPI network of CC versus NC. Meanwhile, three modules were extracted from the network of DEGs in both two groups. Function enrichment analysis showed that DEGs involved in these modules were mainly associated with cellular activities. Conclusion: DEGs in modules of SAC and CRC were mainly involved in cellular activities pathways. The PPI networks and modules might contribute to the further study of pathogenesis for CRC and SAC based on the molecular level.

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Severe hyponatremia with seizure owing to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or cerebral/renal salt wasting syndrome related with high mortality. The correct diagnosis of the hyponatremia for each case is important because of the alteration of the treatment approach. SIADH is an important clinical manifestation that does not occur after all chemotherapy courses. We cannot estimate whether the disease will occur on, which course of the chemotherapy in this case.

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Large pedunculated esophageal lipoma is uncommon. The presenting symptoms of esophageal lipoma are dysphagia, regurgitated mass, and persistent sensation of a lump in the throat. The most frequent location of the tumor pedicle is the upper esophageal sphincter. Here, we present the case of a 52-year-old man who had the symptoms of pharyngeal unwell and dysphagia. Panendoscopy showed a pedunculated tumor mass within the esophageal lumen with its peduncle arising from the cervical esophagus. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that he might have anesophageal submucosal or intraluminal and pedunculated tumor mass. The tumor mass measured 25 ΄ 16 ΄ 45 mm in size. Cervical approachvia the right neck was performed for confirmation. After removal of the intraluminal mass, the patient became symptom free. Pathology showed a lipoma arising from the submucosa of the esophagus.

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Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used as an intravesical instillation for nonmuscle invasive (superficial) bladder cancer for the last 3 decades. Although intravesical BCG therapy is well-tolerated by most of the patients, adverse reactions have also been reported which are usually local, benign, and self-limited. Systemic complications such as miliary tuberculosis (TB) are very rare with few documented reports in literature. We hereby report a rare case of disseminated TB in bilateral lungs, adrenal, cervical, mediastinal, and para-aortic lymph nodesin a patient with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of renal pelvis and urinary bladder. Peculiar feature of this case was the development of TB 2 years following last BCG instillation, which is unlike most of the cases in the literature where TB developed within few weeks of last dose of BCG.

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Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are benign adipocytic tumors seen in children less than 3 years of age. Awareness amongst surgeons of this fast growing lipomatous tumor in young children is important to avoid mutilating surgery and chemotherapy. Histological diagnosis of lipoblastoma is sometimes difficult because of close resemblance with myxoid, round cell, and well-differentiated liposarcoma. We came across a series of six cases of lipoblastoma/lipoblastomatosis, over the last 10 years (2002–2012). Of these, we had three cases of lipoblastomatosis, one of which recurred after 2 months. All others were resected completely and successfully.

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Background: The objective of our study was to explore the characteristics of the regulatory network after siRNA-Sp1 (Specificity Protein 1) treatment in HeLa cells through the regulation network construction with bioinformatics methods. Materials and Methods: Using GSE37935 datasets downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus data, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out by the limma package in R software. Combining the DEGs with the data from the microRNA (miRNA) databases and transcription factor databases, an integrated regulatory network was established with Cytoscape. Then the motifs in the network were examined by FANMOD. Results: A total of 708 DEGs were screened, and a regulatory network consisting of 585 nodes and 1070 edges was constructed. By analyzing the two modules extracted from the network, we found that the most significant biological processes were cell cycle and apoptosis, some significant DEGs among them were CDKN1A, CUL5, and EGFR. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis discovered that DEGs, including EGFR, CDKN1A, RRM2B, and GADD45B, were significantly enriched in glioma pathway and p53 signaling pathway. Conclusion: While Sp1 was silenced by siRNA, the regulatory network in HeLa cells changed a lot. Genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis in the cell nucleus were dysregulated and the p53 signaling pathway was disturbed.

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Non-necrotizing epithelioid granuloma has been described within the stroma of malignancies like carcinomas of the breast and colon, seminoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. They are designated as sarcoid-like reaction, in absence of any evidence of systemic sarcoidosis. But granulomatous reaction in association with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is uncommon, with only few published reports in the literature. This reaction may have some prognostic importance also. We describe a rare case of conventional (clear cell) RCC associated with epithelioid granulomas within the tumor parenchyma, in a 42-year-old lady without any evidence of systemic sarcoidosis.

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Context: Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC), as a chemopreventive agent, shows antitumor effects in some cancer models, but its mechanism is still unclear. Aims: This study is to explore whether MSC induces apoptosis in prostate cancer (PCa) cells DU145 through connexin 43 (Cx43) activation. Settings and Design: The experiment was performed in a PCa cell line model DU145 and using a series of biological assay methods to investigate the regulating pathway from MSC through Cx43 to downstream molecules, demonstrating an important role of Cx43 in PCa development and as a potential treatment target. Materials and Methods: The human PCa cell line DU145 was used as a model. The effects of MSC on Cx43 expression were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot; effects on cell growth and proliferation were determined by WST-1 and colony formation assay; small interfering ribonucleic acid was used to evaluate the direct contribution of Cx43 to cancer cell apoptosis. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test was used to calculate the difference between the groups in SPSS software. Results: Results showed that MSC inhibited the growth and colony formation of the DU145 cells; MSC induced cell apoptosis by increasing Cx43 expression at messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels; MSC decreased B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and increased bad levels of DU145 cells. Conclusions: As a conclusion, MSC exerts pro-apoptosis effects through increasing Cx43 expression, which in turn down-regulates Bcl-2 and up-regulates bad expression.

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Aims: The aim was to describe the clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer and the primary treatment modality in a cohort of patients seen in a urology unit of Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods: Data were collected prospectively from all patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and managed in a urology unit in Sri Lanka from January 2010 to December 2013. Patient's age, clinical presentation, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, mode of diagnosis, Gleason sum score, stage of the disease and main modality of treatment were recorded and analyzed. Results: There were 278 cases of histologically proven prostate cancer. Mean patient age was 70.5 years. About 50% presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. Only 2% were screening detected cases. Five (2%) patients had a first-degree relative who had prostate cancer. About 81% of patients had a serum PSA above 20 ng/ml. Gleason sum score was 8 or more in 44% of patients. Metastases were found at the time of diagnosis in 60% of patients. Forty-eight patients underwent radical radiotherapy, while seven patients had radical prostatectomy. Most (94%) of the 203 patients who required androgen deprivation therapy had surgical orchiectomy. Conclusions: Sri Lankans appear to be having a low incidence of prostate cancer, but a larger proportion of high-grade cancers in comparison to the UK and USA. Although genetic differences may exist, a dietary or an environmental factor is more likely to be the cause for these changes. The protective effect of this factor appears to wane as South Asians emigrate and live in UK and USA.

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Teratomas are the most common congenital tumors, but teratomas of the nasopharynx are rare in neonates. The present report is about an 18-day-old girl child with a nasopharyngeal teratoma protruding from the oral cavity. The tumor almost completely obstructed the airways and necessitated immediate intervention. The tumor was successfully removed by the transpalatal route. Histological examination showed that it was a mature teratoma. The case with its related differential diagnosis is discussed here.

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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasm comprising mucous, intermediate and epidermoid cells, arising mainly in salivary gland. It is extremely uncommon in ocular region, where it can arise in conjunctiva, lacrimal gland or lacrimal sac. The index case is being presented for its rarity and for highlighting the importance of meticulous sampling for correct diagnosis. A 68-year-old female presented with complaints of ulceration over right lower eyelid for 3 years. She underwent a local surgical excision 2 years ago after which she was asymptomatic for the following 1 year. Histopathological examination of excised specimen showed features of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma in ocular adnexa may be difficult to differentiate from its close mimickers like basal, squamous, sebaceous cell carcinoma and apocrine carcinoma. Meticulous sampling, judicious use of special stains and immunohistochemistry are pivotal in establishing the diagnosis.

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Introduction: Intracranial meningiomas are the second most common tumor of the CNS. The high-grade tumors are atypical and malignant meningioma comprising 5-7% and 1-3% of all meningiomas. The high-grade meningioma have an aggressive histopathological and clinical behavior. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 37 patients of high-grade meningioma treated in our institute from 2002 to 2011. Clinical characteristics and treatment modality in form of surgery and radiotherapy (RT) were noted. Statistical analysis was done with regards to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: The median age of the patients was 45.0 years. The median duration of symptoms was 6 months. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. Fourteen patients underwent complete excision, while 23 had subtotal excision. Twenty-two patients had World Health Organization (WHO) grade II histology tumors and 15 patients had grade III histology. Median RT dose delivered was 50 Gy for grade II tumors and 54 Gy for grade III tumors. Five-year PFS for grade II and III tumors was 58 and 20%, respectively. Five-year OS for grade II and III tumors was 83 and 23%, respectively. Conclusions: High-grade meningiomas represent a rare and aggressive neoplasm. The mainstay of therapy is gross total resection (GTR) at the initial surgery. Postoperative adjuvant RT should be offered to all patients, regardless of the degree of resection achieved. Long-term follow-up is important as local recurrences and progression can develop years after the initial treatment.

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Aim: There are various therapeutic modalities of treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but with certain limitations, hence, investigating the scope of combined therapeutic approach. Materials and Methods: In this article, cellular toxicity, apoptosis and expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway proteins were investigated in Raji cells preincubated with doxorubicin followed by ¹³¹ I-rituximab (rituximab radiolabeled with Iodine-131) treatment. Results: It was found that the ¹³¹ I-rituximab in combination with doxorubicin showed a higher amount of cell toxicity and apoptosis compared to respective controls. Expression of anti-apoptotic protein (B-cell lymphoma-extra-large) was downregulated and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, a marker of apoptosis was higher in cells treated with doxorubicin (2 μg/mL) and ¹³¹ I-rituximab (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, in these cells the basal level of expression of p42/44 and p38 were increased while its phosphorylation was decreased. Conclusion: These results suggest that doxorubicin has the potential to sensitize ¹³¹ I-rituximab induced cell death in Raji cells.

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Central neurocytomas are tumors with neuronal differentiation, generally arising in the lateral ventricles in the region of foramen of Monro. Whenever these tumors arise in the brain parenchyma they are called “extraventricular neurocytomas”. We present two unusual cases of extraventricular atypical neurocytomas at uncommon locations with a very high Ki-67 index. The WHO grading of this tumor is yet to be answered.

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Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon variant of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and is usually seen in immunocompromised patients. The vast majority of cases are of the B-cell type and T-cell PCNSL is rare. Here, we report an 18-year-old male who presented with fever, headache, and history of seizures. On evaluation, he was found to have a left parieto-occipital mass which was completely excised. Histopathology was suggestive of a T-cell neoplasm and immunohistochemistry showed tumor cells positive for leukocyte common antigen, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), CD30, and CD4 which confirmed the diagnosis of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell PCNSL. There was no evidence of disease outside the CNS. He was started on the DeAngelis protocol for PCNSL. To the best of our knowledge, only 27 cases of anaplastic large cell PCNSL have been previously reported in literature.

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Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma (JC) is a rare, malignant, cartilage-forming tumor arising from the external bone surface. It mainly involves long bones and very rarely involves maxillofacial skeleton. Chondrosarcoma in general accounts for about 10-20% of all bone neoplasm, of which only 1-3% is involved in maxillofacial skeleton. So far only two cases of JC have been reported in mandible. In this article we report a rare case of JC in a 49-year-old male primarily involving symphysis of mandible. This is the third case of JC in mandible and first of its kind to be reported in mandibular symphysis region is concerned. Literature relevant to its clinical, radiological features, and prognosis is analyzed.

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Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) are rare and head and neck is a rarer primary site with most tumors being benign exhibiting teratoma as the leading histologic type. Yolk sac tumor (YST) is relatively uncommon in this location; most commonly described in association with a teratoma and rarely solo. We report two male children, aged 1 year 7 months and 3 years 5 months, with YST involving the head and neck region.

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Some rare cases of erysipelas-like or pseudocellulitis have been reported in relation to gemcitabine. This rare adverse event is more frequent in the presence of edema. Here, we report a case of pseudocellulitis after adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer. Oncologists should be aware of this infrequent and non-well understood adverse event. They should be especially careful when administering gemcitabine in the presence of lymphedema.

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Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a group of sarcomas that exhibit a myomelanocytic phenotype and possess a unique cell type in the perivascular epithelioid cell. Traditionally HMB-45 immunoreactivity is the first criteria required to consider a tumor to be PEComa. We report a case of multifocal PEComa with negative HMB-45 marker. The patient presented with three big ulceroproliferative lesions; two over right thigh and one over the scalp in the right frontal region. The patient was prescribed with oral sirolimus to which good response was seen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of HMB-45 negative multifocal malignant PEComa from India.

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Objective: Conformal radiation therapy mandates accurate delineation of target volumes, which requires incorporation of modern imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) in addition to conventionally used computed tomography (CT). This can resolve discrepancies in target delineation in head and neck carcinomas resulting in better local control. We hereby report the comparison of Gross Tumor Volumes (GTVs) (primary) drawn using PET, CT and MRI and their concordance indices. Methods and Material: Twenty five patients with head and neck cancer were taken into this study. MRI, PET and CT planning scans were done as per standard guidelines. Three sets of primary GTVs namely GTV- PET, GTV-CT and GTV-MRI were contoured on fused images. All the three volumes and concordances among the volumes were analyzed. Result: The mean GTV-CT, GTV-PET and GTV-MRI volumes were 29.65 cc ± 31.27, 32.05 cc ± 33.75 and 24.85 cc ± 25.28 respectively. There was a significant difference in the GTV-MRI & GTV-CT volumes (P = 0.023) and GTV-PET & GTV-MRI volumes (P = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in the GTV-PET & GTV-CT volume (P = 0.468). The mean CI (PET-MRI), CI (CT-MRI) and CI (PET-CT) was 0.42, 0.46 and 0.47 respectively, which depicts a moderate concordance. Conclusion: PET and MRI are useful imaging tools in head and neck malignancies and should be used in conjunction with CT scan for improved target volume delineation.

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Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) is a rare neoplasm, the majority of cases of which are non-Hodgkin's, diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL). We report the first case of an adult with PCL B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma whose disease evolution was grim. A 52-year-old male reported dyspnea and facial swelling lasting for 4 months and upon a physical examination he presented bradycardia, jugular venous engorgement, and hypophonesis of cardiac sounds. An electrocardiography (Echo) revealed a right atrial mass and nodules at the pericardium. The patient was treated with R-Hyper-CVAD (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) and presented very short remission. At this time, we used R-ICE (rituximab plus ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) chemotherapy and the patient underwent complete remission after two courses and received autologous bone marrow transplantation (auto-BMT). After 75 days of follow-up, the patient reported dyspnea and a new Echo showed a recurrence of the disease. The patient died due to cardiac failure. PCL is a rare disease with an unfavorable prognosis and a prompt diagnosis and treatment are fundamental to survival. We believe that more intensive therapies, such as auto-BMT, should be considered as a first treatment option.

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Burkitt's lymphomais an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in adults and represents < 5% of NHL adults. Burkitt's lymphoma involving primarilythe appendicular skeleton is rarely described. We present the case of a young manwith primary Burkitt's lymphoma involving the humerus as the only site of disease. He received R hyper CVAD and local irradiation and is in complete remission at 24 months.

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The ameloblastic fibroma (AF) is an uncommon odontogenic tumor that may present an aggressive behavior and may have potential for malignant transformation. Ghost cell differentiation within AF is extremely rare. There are only seven cases in English literature in which ghost cells are found in AF but all these previously reported cases were associated with typical calcifying odontogenic cyst. Here, we present a unique case in 31/2-year-old child with solid lesion which comprised odontogenic epithelium strands, islands, and myxoid ectomesenchyme with focal areas of ghost cell differentiation and calcification associated with neoplastic epithelium.

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A 45-year-old P₃L₃, referred to us with abdominopelvic mass for further management. Vaginal examination was suggestive of uterine mass. Magnetic resonance imaging. (MRI) of abdomen.pelvis disclosed a uterine mass with equivocal invasion of the fat plane with the sigmoid colon. Coelomic antigen. (CA) 125 was 120.2 U/ml. (normal range, 0-35 U/ml). On exploratory laparotomy entire pelvic cavity was filled with a mass that was seen arising from the uterus and involving the sigmoid colon. Hence, a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopphorectomy. (TAH BSO) was performed, along with resection anastomosis of the rectosigmoid and excision of omental and pelvic peritoneal nodules. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis, including S100-P positivity confirmed diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. (MPNST), with tumor deposits in the right parametrium, omentum, sigmoid colon, and pelvic peritoneum. This case is presented in view of its rarity and associated diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

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Aim: The petroleum derivatives consist of a complex mixture of chemical compounds one among which is benzene. Petrol station workers who pump fuel to vehicles absorb the products of fuel fumes and the products of combustion. Materials and Methods: To study the occupational exposure to petroleum derivatives such as benzene, exfoliated buccal cells from 40 petrol station attendants and 40 age-matched control subjects were examined for micronuclei, binucleation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis frequency by using feulgen and Giemsa stains. Statistical evaluation was performed with ANOVA test. Results: In the present study, inter-comparison of mean values for micronuclei, binucleation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis using Fuelgen stain between smokers of study and control group, as well as between smokers and non-smokers of study and control group revealed statistically highly significant results with P value 0.00002 and 0.0001 respectively. Whereas inter comparison between non-smokers of study and control group using Feulgen stain and inter comparison between smokers of study and control group, using Giemsa stain revealed statistically significant results with P value 0.0034 and 0.0004, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that the studied individuals belong to a risk group and should periodically undergo biological monitoring and proper care.

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Aims and Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the dose enhancement factor (DEF) of tumor injected with different nanoparticles (NPs) around high dose rate (HDR) ¹⁹² Ir brachytherapy source. Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo calculations were performed with MCNPX code to determine the DEF caused by in tumor injected with ⁷⁹ Au, ⁶⁴ Gd, ²⁶ Fe, and ²² Ti NPs during HDR ¹⁹² Ir brachytherapy. The uniform and non-uniform distribution of NPs within tumor was modeled with simple NPs-water mixture, and realistic nano-scale-lattice model. Furthermore, a margin of ⁷⁹ Au and ⁶⁴ Gd NPs was implemented around the tumor volume. Results: The increased dose caused by uniformly distributed ⁷⁹ Au and ⁶⁴ Gd NPs with 7, 18, and 30 mgr/gr concentrations was 4.7%, 11.8%, 19.4%, and 3.3%, 8.3%, and 18.6%, respectively. For non-uniform distribution, it was 0.4%, 1.2%, 1.9%, and 0.2%, 0.7%, and 1.2%, respectively. Increased tumor dose due to ²⁶ Fe and ²² Ti was not significant. The peripheral-healthy tissue dose as margin with 2, 5, and 8.5 mgr/gr of ⁷⁹ Au and ⁶⁴ Gd increased by 1.3%, 3.6%, 6.5%, and 1.1%, 2.5%, and 4.2%, respectively. Increase the radial depth of tumor (from 1.5 to 5 cm) increase DEF (up to 22.3%). The nano-lattice model underestimated the DEF up to 4% and 3.6% for 79Au and ⁶⁴ Gd NPs, respectively. Conclusion: Injecting of high-Z gold NPs into tumor increases the absorbed dose of tumor irradiated with ¹⁹² Ir HDR brachytherapy source. Size, geometry, concentration, and distribution model of NPs and tumor depth are crucial factors to accurately estimate the DEF.

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Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma. (ALT/WDL) is a soft tissue sarcoma of intermediate malignant behavior, which most frequently affects the retroperitoneum and lower extremities. Liposarcomas of head and neck are rare, representing only 2-8% of all sarcomas in this region. The majority of liposarcomas occur in middle-aged adults; however, very uncommonly cases have been reported in infancy and early childhood. We report a case of a 14-year-old girl diagnosed as ALT/WDL of the maxillary antrum.

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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome created by the reciprocal translocation t(9;22) (q34;q11), resulting in the chimeric BCR-ABL oncogene. Variant Ph' chromosome translocations involving additional chromosomes are seen in 5–10% of CML cases. In the present study, a novel case of Ph' chromosome-positive CML is reported, with a three-way translocation involving chromosomal regions, 9q34, 22q11.2 and 17p11.2, with additional secondary changes. The three-way translocation has resulted in a deletion of the TP53 gene located on the chromosome 17p13.1 locus. Deletion of the TP53 gene may be a major contributing factor in the development of resistance to imatinib and blast crisis.

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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare type of breast malignancy and little is known about long-term outcome. In the present report, the clinical features, histopathologic findings and postoperative course of a patient with squamous cell carcinoma are described. We have treated a 47-years-old woman who admitted for right breast mass without any discharge, bleeding and pain. The tumor was, 3 × 2 × 1.5 cm in size with central abscess formation. The result of surgical biopsy revealed large cell keratinizing type of SCC. The metastatic work-up studies ruled out any other probable sources of primary tumor. The patient was performed modified radical mastectomy and axillary dissection and received two cycles of chemotherapy. Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast (SCCB) is a rare entity and should be considered in patients with rapidly progressing breast mass. It should also be considered in breast lesions with abscess formation. The initial therapeutic approach should be surgical excision after histopathological diagnosis.

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Purposes: This study aims to compare the clinicopathological features of gastric carcinoma between two different time periods, and to investigate the prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma. Patients and Methods: One thousand sixteen consecutive gastric cancer patients were divided into two groups according to the operation date, period I (1994-1999) and period II (2000-2006). The clinicopathological features and prognosis were compared between the two periods. Results: There were significant differences in the proportions of early gastric carcinoma, different tumor node metastasis (TNM) staged patients, specialized operation and adjuvant chemotherapy between the two periods. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection within period II, were significantly higher than those within period I. Stratification analysis revealed that the survival rates of the patients with curative resection, lymph node metastasis, advanced disease, different TNM stages, specialized operations, without adjuvant chemotherapy within period II, were significantly higher than those within period I. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Borrmann type, histologic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, curative resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and different time periods were independent prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma. Conclusions: The treatment efficacy of gastric carcinoma within the recent period improved highly when compared with that within the early period. It was the elevated diagnostic rate of early gastric cancer, standardized radical operation, and adjuvant chemotherapy that contributed to such improvement.

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Background: Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is currently considered to be the standard of care in locally advanced head and neck cancer. The optimum radiotherapy schedule for best local control and acceptable toxicity is not yet clear. We aimed at shortening of treatment time by using accelerated radiation, thereby comparing the disease response, loco-regional tumor control and tolerability of accelerated radiation (six fractions per week) against CCRT in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted the prospective randomized study for a period of 2 years from June 2011 to May 2013 in 133 untreated patients of histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Study group (66 patients) received accelerated radiotherapy with 6 fractions per week (66Gy/33#/5½ weeks). Control group (67 patients) received CCRT with 5 fractions per week radiation (66 Gy/33#/6½ weeks) along with intravenous cisplatin 30 mg/m ² weekly. Tumor control, survival, acute and late toxicities were assessed. Results: Median overall treatment time was 38 days and 45 days in the accelerated radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation arm, respectively. At a median follow up of 12 months, 41 patients (62.1%) in the accelerated radiotherapy arm and 47 patients (70.1%) in the CCRT arm were disease free (P = 0.402). Local disease control was comparable in both the arms. Acute toxicities were significantly higher in the CCRT arm as compared with accelerated radiotherapy arm. There was no difference in late toxicities between the two arms. Conclusion: We can achieve, same or near to the same local control, with lower toxicities with accelerated six fractions per week radiation compared with CCRT especially for Indian population.

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Background: First- and second-line chemotherapies have been demonstrated to be effective in treatment of patients with inoperable, advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although the role of third-line chemotherapy remains unclear. The present investigation assessed treatment outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC who received third-line and higher chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC who received at least three lines of systemic chemotherapy. Results: A total of 72 patients who had received third-line or higher chemotherapy were included in the analysis. The median age of patients was 49 years (range 41-76), and there were 13 (18.1%) women and 59 (81.9%) men. Estimated median survival was 26 months. Moreover, overall survival was significantly longer in patients for whom disease control was achieved after second-line chemotherapy compared to those with disease progression (34 vs. 17 months, respectively). Survival after third-line treatment was significantly longer in the group with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1 at the beginning of third-line therapy compared to patients with a status of 2-3. Conclusions: In patients with advanced stage NSCLC, administration of third-line and higher systemic chemotherapy may be associated with increase in overall survival. Furthermore, greater increases in overall survival were also observed in patients for whom disease control was achieved after second-line therapy and in those with ECOG performance status of 0-1 before third-line treatment.

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Extramedullary plasmacytoma is the malignant proliferation of single clone of plasma cells arising outside the bone marrow. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) are solitary lesion mostly located in upper respiratory tract and nasopharynx. Involvement of lower respiratory tract is rarely seen in case of SEP. Here, we report a rare case of pulmonary plasmacytoma in a 50-year-old male presenting as left lower lobe lung mass with endobronchial extension. Subsequent investigations, histological and immunohistochemical examination of tumor confirmed the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. Work-up for the multiple myeloma came out to be negative, thus confirming the diagnosis of SEP. Pulmonary plasmacytoma, a rare presentation of extramedullary plasmacytoma should be kept in mind by dealing with the patients of lung mass and endobronchial extension.

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Myeloid neoplasms associated with platelet-derived growth factor b (PDGFRB) rearrangement usually keep only one morphologic type unless blast crisis. We describe a unique case of hematological features transformation from atypical chronic myeloid leukemia to chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and imatinib showed no clinical therapeutic effects. The phenomenon indicates that different types of myeloid neoplasms associated with PDGFRB rearrangement can transform into one another with the progression of the disease, and to some extent, this transformation suggests the aggravation of disease.

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A 75-year-old male was diagnosed with central squamous cell carcinoma of the left lung, who has been given 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of total dose with 60 Gy in 30 fractions. Three years later, the tumor relapsed in situ and he received another stereotactic radiotherapy with a total dose of 40 Gy at a margin of planning target volume (PTV) in 10 (5 fractions/week) at 4 Gy/fraction. Gefitinib (250 mg/day) was initiated immediately after radiotherapy. Obstructive atelectasis in the left lung and increased pleural effusion occurred at the fourth month after radiotherapy. As this patient has been detected with deletion in exon 19 of the EGFR gene, gefitinib was continuous administered without interruption. After another 4 months, the atelectasis in the left lung reexpanded significantly. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) reversed the radiation atelectasis of pulmonary in the nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient.

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Laryngeal osteosarcoma is an extremely rare and aggressive malignancy. Only very few cases of primary laryngeal osteosarcomas are reported in literature, and all have a dismal prognosis. A 50-year-old male presented with recurrent hoarseness of voice and was evaluated and diagnosed as sarcoma larynx. Detailed histopathology report of laryngectomy specimen revealed presence of osteoid, which confirmed the diagnosis of osteosarcoma larynx. He was further treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation and is disease free after 9 months. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment in this disease and role of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy is still evolving.

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Background: Activation of T cells against tumors by recruiting co-stimulatory molecules has been an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. Reports suggested that targeting different genes in tumors might also boost T cell-mediated tumor destruction. Aims: We investigated whether in vitro WEE1 gene silencing in MDA-MB-468 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines could enhance immunopotentiating effects of CD80 and 4-1BBL co-stimulation in human T cells. Materials and Methods: WEE1 gene was specifically silenced in the cancer cells using shRNA technology. The co-stimulatory molecules were over-expressed on the surface of the cancer cells by recombinant non-replicative adenoviruses. The immune reaction of T cells in the co-culture with tumor cells was studied. IFN-g production was assessed by intracellular staining of T cells. To assess cytotoxic activity of CD8 ⁺ T cells, the CD107a mobilization-degranulation assay was performed. Expression of granzyme B, perforin and fasl were examined by real time PCR. Results: T cell dual co-stimulation led to a significant increase in the frequency of IFN-g producing cells and higher percentages of degranulation in CD8 ⁺ T cells. It also resulted in higher expression levels of the cytotoxicity-related genes. WEE1 gene silencing in the target cells alone however, could not produce significant immune reactivation in the cultured T cells. Likewise, the immune responses of T cells neither improved nor suppressed when dually co-stimulated PBMCs were exposed to the cancer cells with silenced WEE1. Conclusions: In spite of antitumor effects of WEE1 silencing, combination of this approach with immune co-stimulation could not boost the reactivity of cultured T cells against the tested breast cancer cells.

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Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is an uncommon spindle cell tumor with intermediate or borderline malignant potential. Clinically, it may be misdiagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or malignant melanoma. Solar irradiation has been implicated in its pathogenesis. The diagnosis of AFX rests on a combination of histopathological features and a negative immunohistochemical profile. AFX is a rare tumor usually found in sun exposed skin of head and neck region in elderly Caucasian men. Rarely, it has a second peak in young adults, where it is found in trunk and extremities. The present case is reported as AFX is quite unusual in a young female with a nodule in the leg which was clinically diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. Only a few cases of AFX have been reported in young women. This case highlights the fact that accurate diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma is very crucial so as to avoid overenthusiastic and overzealous treatment as required for a malignant tumor.

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We describe a case of paraplegia, which had progressed rapidly in a 60-year-old Japanese man with mantle-cell lymphoma. (MCL). He admitted to our hospital due to lumbago and progressive muscle weakness of bilateral lower thighs lasting for 1. month, while he had the history of the systemic chemotherapy for MCL since 10 months. Magnetic resonance imaging. (MRI) revealed a wide-spreading intradural tumor situated in the spinal canal from L1 to L5 with an intervertebral slipped disk as the only site of recurrence. Laminectomy followed by salvage chemotherapy led disappearance of lumbago and paraplegia of the bilateral lower extremities. Although wide-spreading tumor formation in spinal canal without other involvement sites is very rare in MCL, physicians should be aware of such patterns of central nervous system. (CNS) relapse for the early diagnosis and adequate selection of treatment modality.

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Thymoma is an epithelial neoplasm of the thymus, which commonly lies in the anterior mediastinum. Unusually it can be found in other locations as well. Ectopic thymoma rarely presents as an intrathoracic tumor. We report a case of an ectopic thymoma presenting as a giant right intrathoracic tumor that was treated with resection. The patient was a 49-year-old postmenopausal lady who presented with heaviness in chest and breathlessness. Detailed investigation including chest computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined large solid tumor in the right thoracic cavity. Surgery was performed based on the radiological findings. A large solid tumor measuring 12 cm ΄ 10 cm ΄ 8 cm was found in the thoracic cavity, adherent to the pericardium, diaphragm and the right mediastinal pleura without apparent invasion. The tumor was completely resected. The diagnosis given as World Health Organization classification-Type B1 Muller-Hermelink classification-predominantly cortical thymoma.

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Primary malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast accounts for 0.3-1% of all the tumors of breast and only a couple of cases of pleomorphic liposarcoma (PL) arising in a malignant phyllodes (MP) tumor have been reported. A thorough sampling is most essential in phyllodes tumor, not only to detect high grade component of the neoplasm but also to diagnose heterologous elements in the same lesion elsewhere, as it may affect the prognosis adversely and may have a greater metastatic potential.

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Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that has the probability to relapse in about 10% of surgically treated cases. Currently, the only recognized criteria of malignancy in these neoplasms are the evidence of metastasis at non-chromaffin sites. No reliable clinical or histopathological parameter has been, so far, identified to predict malignancy in patients with diagnosis of primary pheochromocytoma. Several authors has attempted to propose morphologic features to detect potentially malignant pheochromocytomas, but there are still too many reported cases of recurrence, also after decades, in tumors that, according to the current knowledge, are considered "benign". Here we report a case of recurrence, after 25 years, of a pheochromocytoma that had not enough criteria to be considered as malignant.

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A 22-year-old female with epistaxis and nose block had a pink, smooth, mucosa covered lesion occupying the nasopharynx. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma (CCC). Detailed evaluation ruled out a primary tumor elsewhere in the body. After complete excision of the tumor patient received radiotherapy (60 Gray in 30 fractions over 6 weeks). Patient is recurrence free on her 3-year follow-up. Primary CCC of the head and neck is rare. In the past 30 years, less than 100 cases have been reported in English literature. Out of these, only nine cases had nasopharyngeal origin. The literature review of those cases along with our case report suggest that complete excision of nasopharyngeal CCC along with radiotherapy leads to prolonged recurrence free interval. However, extensive tumors of nasopharynx exhibit poor prognosis with repeated local recurrences.

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Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the number of elderly patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has risen with increasing life-expectancy. Aims: To evaluate safety and efficacy of thoracoscopic lobectomy for NSCLC patients above 75 years old. Patients and Methods: We reviewed the data of 795 consecutive patients with NSCLC, who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy from January 2006 to December 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: The elderly group aged at least 75 years old (n = 54), the contrast group aged <75 years old (n = 741). The general characteristic, comorbidity, intraoperative observations, complications, operative mortality and long-term survival were compared between the two groups. Results: The elderly group had a higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (40.74% vs. 29.69%) and a lower incidence of adenocarcinoma (37.04% vs. 52.63%) than the contrast group (P = 0.083). The ratio of smoking (61.11% vs. 41.97%), preoperative comorbidities (62.96% vs. 38.06%), perioperative blood transfusion (25.93% vs. 13.50%) and thoracic intubation indwelling time (10.3 vs. 8.2 days) in the elderly group were higher (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in duration of surgery (222.9 vs. 226.6 min), intraoperative blood loss (299.8 vs. 253.5 min), hospital stay (18.2 vs. 15.8 days) or postoperative hospital stay (10.3 vs. 8.4 days) between the two groups. Postoperative morbidities occurred more frequently in the elderly group than the contrast group (24.07% vs. 12.01%, P = 0.018). Thirty-day mortality rate of two groups showed no significant difference (1.85% vs. 0.40%, P = 0.246). The overall survival and recurrence-free survival in the elderly group were comparable with the contrast group (P = 0.114 and 0.092, respectively). Conclusions: Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy is a safe and reliable approach with acceptable short- and long-term outcome in the elderly.

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We present this unusual case of cisplatin-induced acute myocardial infarction in a patient with no organic coronary artery disease (CAD), receiving chemoradiation for small cell lung cancer. Patient developed symptoms of acute coronary syndrome after receiving two cycles of cisplatin and etoposide. The possible mechanism of vasospasm induced by cisplatin, in the background of thoracic radiation and hypomagnesemia, is discussed in this case report.

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Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare epithelial malignant neoplasm of salivary glands affecting predominantly the female population. Unusual occurrences of this neoplasm are reported in hard palate, maxillary sinuses, lip, etc. ^[1] We report one such case where a submandibular swelling that is provisionally diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma due to its clinical and radiological findings, turned out to be ACC on histopathological evaluation.

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Intracytoplasmic and stromal eosinophilic hyaline globules (HGs) have been observed in various neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. Thanatosomes are also such HGs seen invariably associated with increased apoptosis and may contain nuclear fragments, occasionally observed in high-grade tumors. We are reporting a case of high-grade breast carcinoma with this striking morphological feature. Their probable nature, pathogenesis, and significance are discussed with review of literature.

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Primary intradural extramedullary melanoma of spinal cord is an extremely rare tumor.It accounts for approximately 1% of the total melanoma cases.We report a case of primary intradural extramedullary spinal melanoma in a 28-year-old gentleman who was managed with surgery followed by postoperative radiation with concurrent temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. The patient had a disease-free survival of 24 months, after which he developed marginal recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a primary spinal cord melanoma. (PSCM) treated with postoperative radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide followed by adjuvant Temozolomide.

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Advanced gastric cancer has a poor prognosis, and only chemotherapy improves survival. Further chemotherapy after progression is controversial. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status is an important indicator for new chemotherapy decision. Complete response (CR) after recurrent disease is very rare, but could occur in some cases with chemotherapy. The 68-year-old male received chemotherapy for metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. He received epirubicin, cisplatin and fluorouracil in the first line, capecitabine in the second line and cisplatin-capecitabine in the third line. CR was observed after third-line chemotherapy with four courses. Mediastinal and abdominal metastases were completely resolved. We decided to report this patient because it is very unusual to achieve CR in a patient in whom the best supportive care might be reasonable.

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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of the kidney and has multiple subtypes. The sarcomatoid variety is considered a form of dedifferentiated carcinoma. It is more commonly associated with clear cell variant but very few are associated with chromophobe RCC. When present, it is associated with a significant decrease in patient survival due to its rapid growth and intrusive behavior. Here, we report a unique case of sarcomatoid chromophobe RCC in a 35-year- old woman.

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Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved as a first line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Usually the drug is well-tolerated with hematological adverse effects being most commonly seen. Dermatological side effects are seen in 9.5-69% of patients on imatinib; majority of which are minor and self-limiting. We, hereby, report a case series of erythroderma occurring secondary to imatinib in two patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Both the patients improved upon the discontinuation of the drug. The literature review revealed only six probable cases of erythroderma due to imatinib. So, this case series is being reported for the rarity of this adverse effect of imatinib.

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Malignant transformation in a mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is rare occurring in 1.8% out of 8000 cases of MCT. The most common histological types are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) followed by adenocarcinoma and melanoma. Clinically, these tumors are usually asymptomatic but may be discovered accidentally during gynecologic examination due to mass effect. We present cytology and histology correlation of a rare case of SCC arising in a dermoid cyst with metastasis to sigmoid.

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Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis is to identify whether two common genetic polymorphisms (rs1042838 G > T and rs10895068 C > T) in the PGR gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE (1966 ~ 2013), the Cochrane Library Database (Issue 12, 2013), EMBASE (1980 ~ 2013), CINAHL (1982 ~ 2013), Web of Science (1945 ~ 2013) and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1982 ~ 2013) were searched without language restrictions. Meta-analyses were conducted using the STATA software (Version 12.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA). We calculated odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to estimate the relationships between PGR genetic polymorphisms and the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Results: Six studies with a total of 6,285 patients with endometrial cancer and 12,120 control subjects met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Our findings suggested that PGR rs1042838 polymorphism was significantly correlated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (T allele vs. G allele: OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07 ~ 1.42, P = 0.005; GT + TT vs. GG: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06 ~ 1.40, P = 0.006; TT vs. GG + GT: OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.09 ~ 2.49, P = 0.017; TT vs. GG: OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12 ~ 2.65, P = 0.013; TT vs. GT: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.01 ~ 2.00, P = 0.044, respectively). We also observed positive associations between PGR rs10895068 polymorphism and the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer (T allele vs. C allele: OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02 ~ 1.29, P = 0.027; CT + TT vs. CC: OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00 ~ 1.29, P = 0.045, respectively). Conclusion: Ethnicity-stratified analysis indicated that rs1042838 and rs10895068 polymorphisms in the PGR gene might be strongly related to the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer among Caucasians and mixed populations (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings provide empirical evidence that PGR rs1042838 and rs10895068 polymorphisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer.

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Orbital adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) always originates from epithelia of lacrimal gland and typically presents as lacrimal fossa mass. We describe two cases of biopsy-proven orbital ACC without definite lacrimal gland mass. Orbital images showed that the lesions of the two patients were located mainly in retrobulbar space, extending posteriorly to the orbital apex. Both of them had relatively normal lacrimal gland images. Each patient underwent complete ophthalmologic examination and orbital surgery. Histopathological assessment proved to be ACC. Immunohistochemistry showed invasion of the nerve fibers. This report suggests the possibility of orbital ACC without obvious lacrimal gland mass. The two cases of atypical orbital ACC reinforced the differential diagnosis of the diseases.

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Aim of Study: To compare outcome of concomitant boost therapy (CBT) with conventional radiotherapy with cisplatin as a radiosensitizer in advanced head and neck cancer. Subjects and Methods: Prospective comparative study was undertaken. Patients were assigned alternately to ArmA (conventional arm) and ArmB (CBT arm), 30 in each arm and total 60 patients were enrolled. Results: Out of 30 patients in conventional Arm A, 13 had complete response (CR; 43.33%), 9 had partial response (PR; 30%), three patients (10%) had stable disease (SD), and five patients (16.66%) had progressive disease (PD). In arm B out of 30 patients, 18 patients (60%) had CR, five patients (16.66%) had partial response (PR), four patients (13.33%) showed SD, and three patients (10%) had PD. There was no statistically significant difference between the two arms for CR (P - value = 0.196). Conclusions: CBT can be used as an alternative to conventional RT in advanced head and neck cancers which minimize the total duration and the workload can be reduced. The locoregional control with CBT is comparable with the response of conventional RT.

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Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare condition characterized by generalized edema and hypotension. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The relationship between IL-11and CLS has rarely been reported, especially in patients with colorectal cancer. We describe a case with sigmoid cancer treated with IL-11 after chemotherapy. After 5 days of IL-11therapy, the patient felt tachypnea, muscular pain and fullness of the abdomen. Chest X-ray indicated increased bronchovascular shadows, and abdominal ultrasound indicated moderate ascites. IL-11 was then discontinued, fluid resuscitation was performed, and fresh frozen plasma and packed red blood cells were transfused. On the fourth day, synchronous chylous leakage was detected. Low fat diet, nutritional support, and somatostatin was administered. The patient recovered 2 weeks later. Although rare, CLS could be a severe side effect after the administration of IL-11. The aim of treatment is to stabilize the vital parameters.

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An 18 years female was admitted with right-sided chest pain, dry cough, and low-grade fever and weight loss for last 1 month. On examination, patient had features of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome with right-sided pleural effusion. Chest X-ray showed mediastinal widening with nonhomogenous opacity mainly in the periphery of right upper and mid zone with right-sided pleural effusion. Ultrasonography thorax confirmed mild pleural effusion. Pleural fluid analysis showed lymphocytic, exudative, low adenosine deaminase with negative for Pap smear. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) thorax revealed large extensive nodular soft tissue lesion along right mediastinum as well as costal pleura, with enlarged pretracheal lymphadenopathy and SVC obstruction. CT guided Tru-cut biopsy report came as malignant epithelial tumor with polygonal shape, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei with prominent nucleoli suggestive of mesothelioma of epithelioid type. The tumor cell expressed calretinin, WT-1, and immunonegative for thyroid transcription factor-1.

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Leiomyosarcomas of colon are rare tumors accounting for less than 1% of cases which are often misdiagnosed and confused with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). We report a case of 54-year-old male presenting with abdominal pain with computer tomography (CT) showing a retroperitoneal mass. He underwent laparotomy and surgical excision of mass was done. On pathological examination, microscopy was suggestive of GIST, but immunohistochemistry was positive for desmin and ultimately this case was diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma.

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Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common congenital neoplasm in neonates. We came across a post term (42 weeks) newborn baby girl delivered by normal vaginal route. The baby presented with a large soft, cystic mass over the sacrococcygeal region. Radiological examination showed a soft tissue mass with variegated appearance. Complete excision of the mass was done. Histopathological examination revealed the mass to be a mature sacrococcygeal teratoma with the extremely uncommon finding of a complete adrenal gland within the teratoma sac. Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a component of a continuum with other tumors including fetiform teratoma, fetus in fetu, parasitic and conjoint twins.

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Objective: This study aims to explore the application of Choi's typing method in the immunological typing of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in Xinjiang Autonomous Region and its prognostic significance. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight cases of DLBCL tumor tissues from Xinjiang were collected to detect the expression of germinal center B (GCB) cell-expressed transcript-1, FOXP1, CD10, bcl-6, and MUM1 using an immunohistochemical method. Then, immunological typing was carried out using Choi's typing method, and the survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the prognostic factors. Results: GCB-cell-like-DLBCL and non-GCB-DLBCL accounting for 29.5% (23/78) and 70.5% (55/78), respectively. The 3-year overall survival of GCB-DLBCL was 58%, significantly higher than that of non-GCB-DLBCL (39%, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that International Prognostic Index and immunological typing were two independent prognostic factors for Uygur patients with DLBCL. Conclusion: Non-GCB-DLBCL is the main type of DLBCL in Xinjiang and Choi's typing method can be a helpful indicator to determine the prognosis of the Uygur DLBCL in Xinjiang.

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Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) is a highly aggressive rare tumor of the nasal cavity. Surgery followed by concurrent chemoradiation is the mainstay of treatment in SNTCS. However, intracranial extension may complicate surgical resection, with difficulty in achieving R0 resection. Here we present two cases of SNTCS with intracranial extension; both patients were seen in skull base clinic of our hospital and deemed unsuitable for surgery. These patients then were offered neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), both patients had a partial response with cisplatin and etoposide protocol; subsequently they underwent R0 resection (no macroscopic residual tumor at surgery with all margins were negative for tumor on microscopy). The present cases highlight the fact that NACT with cisplatin and etoposide protocol may be considered in technically unresectable SNTCS.

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Lipoblastoma is a rare, benign, soft tissue neoplasm most commonly seen in children less than 3 years. It is usually seen on the trunk and on the limbs and rarely in the head and neck. In our case, a child of age 1 year and 3months presented with a swelling over the nape of the neck. The swelling had rapidly increased in size and was associated with difficulty in neck movements. Intraoperatively it was found to have very minimal adhesions to the underlying muscles of neck. Histopathological examination confirmed it to be a lipoblastoma. The swelling was removed by wide excision, and there was no postoperative complication.

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Context: Nowadays, radionuclides with high β^– particle energies such as ¹⁶⁶ Ho are recommended for bone marrow ablation in patients with multiple myeloma. The addition of skeletal targeted radiotherapy to the patients can improve the response rate in phase I and II trials, with promising long-term survival data. Aims: In this work, the absorbed dose to each organ of human for ¹⁶⁶ Ho-propylene di-amino tetra methy1enephosphonicacid (PDTMP) was evaluated based on biodistribution studies in rats and was compared with ¹⁶⁶ Ho-tetraazacyclododecane tetramethylene-phosphonate (DOTMP) as the only clinically used Ho-166 bone marrow ablative agent. Settings and Design: In this work, the accumulated activity in animals was extrapolated to the accumulated activity in humans by mass extrapolation method. The absorbed dose to each organ of human for ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP was evaluated by medical internal radiation dose method. Materials and Methods: In this study, ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP complex was prepared successfully using an in-house synthesized PDTMP ligand and ¹⁶⁶ HoCl ₃ . Radiochemical purity of ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP was checked by instant thin layer chromatography (>99%). The biodistribution of ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP in wild-type rats was checked in animal tissues up to 48 h. Statistical Analysis Used: All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the data were compared using Student's t-test. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: The highest absorbed dose for this complex is observed in red marrow with 0.691 mSv/MBq. ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP demonstrated a higher red marrow: Non target organ uptake ratio compared to ¹⁶⁶ Ho-DOTMP. Conclusions: The results showed that ¹⁶⁶ Ho-PDTMP has considerable characteristics compared to ¹⁶⁶ Ho-DOTMP and therefore can be a good candidate for bone marrow ablation.

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Background: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible rate-limiting enzyme of prostaglandins biosynthesis, is involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammation-related human malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its clinical significance in HCC remains obscure. The aim of our study was to evaluate COX-2 expression in HCC and correlate its expression to both clinicopathological parameters and patients survival. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 17 HCC and 21 adjacent nontumor liver tissues obtained from 22 HCC patients underwent hepatectomy. Eight normal liver tissues taken from normal donors and HepG2 cells were used as controls. Total RNA was extracted and COX-2 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and correlated to the clinicopathological criteria and to patient's survival. Results: COX-2 mRNA was detected in 58.8% of the HCC tissues and in 28.6% of the adjacent nontumor liver tissues. COX-2 expression was significantly associated with elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with high specificity for disease detection. There was no significance between COX-2 expression and any of the histopathological criteria. Conclusions: COX-2 expression may be involved in HCC carcinogenesis with high specificity for disease detection. COX-2 expression is significantly associated with elevated AST levels indicating a mechanism that may correlate both markers. However COX-2 expression seems to be an independent factor with no correlation to any of the histopathological data or patient's survival.

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Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma, a lethal malignant neoplasm with poor prognosis, has dismal results of surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy. Norcantharidin (NCTD), the demethylated analog of cantharidin derived from a traditional Chinese medicine, Mylabris, has been used in the treatment of cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process are generally unclear. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of NCTD-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Materials and Methods: Human HepG2 cell lines were treated with NCTD at different concentrations (2.50, 5.00, 10.00, 20.00, 40.00 μg/mL) for 24 hours. Cell proliferation was evaluated by measurement of cellular 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The methylation levels of RASSF1A (Ras-association domain family 1 A) in HepG2 cells were detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The mRNA levels of RASSF1A in HepG2 cells were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The levels of RASSF1A protein expression of HepG2 cells were detected by Western blotting assay. Results: The inhibition of cell proliferation was observed when treated with NCTD at concentrations (2.5 μg/mL), and as concentration increased, the proliferation of HepG2 cells was markedly inhibited by NCTD in dose-dependent manners. The levels of methylation of RASSF1A decreased at the increasing concentration of 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL. The levels of RASSF1A mRNA and protein were decreased when treated with NCTD at the concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL, which were also in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: NCTD can reverse the methylation state of RASSF1A gene and induce its re-expression, which will provide the theoretical basis for the clinical practice.

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Choriocarcinoma is malignancy arising from the trophoblastic tissue. Pure choriocarcinoma is rare in testis. Choriocarcinoma of testis is more commonly associated with other germ cell tumors. The usual age of presentation is 2^nd–3^rd decade. Distant metastasis is known to occur in choriocarcinoma. We present a rare case of testicular pure choriocarcinoma in a male patient. The patient was treated with orchidectomy, lymphadenectomy, and chemotherapy. Three months later the patient presented with hemoptysis and a lung mass. The aspiration cytology of the lung mass revealed metastatic deposits of syncytiotrophoblastic and cytiotrophoblastic cells. We are reporting this case due to its rarity, rare age of presentation, and characteristic cytology at metastatic focus.

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy. It usually develops in euthyroid patients with history of long standing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Here, we describe the development of PTC in a seronegative patient with subclinical thyrotoxicosis. We suggest that any cold nodule having high-risk features on ultrasonography in hyperthyroid patients should be thoroughly evaluated for the possibility of a thyroid malignancy and the possible role of nonthyroid stimulating hormone regulatory molecules, in thyroid carcinogenesis needs to be further explored.

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The presentation of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) as a solitary cystic neck mass is uncommon. Additionally, its association with Graves' disease is very rare. We report a case of occult PTMC, who presented with a cystic neck mass in the background of Graves' disease without any goiter. Imaging like ultrasound of neck, single photon emission computed tomography-CT (SPECT-CT), and technetium scan failed to detect any lesion in the thyroid, which was picked up only by the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of neck. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy with right modified lymph node dissection. Our case highlights the presentation of metastatic PTMC as a differential diagnosis of a cystic neck mass even in a patient with Graves' disease without any thyroid enlargement.

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Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) of the kidney are rare, the diagnosis usually being made at histopathology. A young female presented with a massive right renal mass with features of hepatic dysfunction. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a large tumor of right kidney with tumor thrombus extending from inferior vena cava (IVC) to right atrium with features suggesting buddchiari syndrome (BCS). Needle biopsy of mass showed a round cell neoplasm and positive staining for neuron specific enolase and minimum inhibitory concentration-2 on immunohistochemistry. She was managed with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of renal PNET with inferior IVC tumor thrombus extending to right atrium with BCS. We suggest that renal PNET should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis in young adults presenting with a large kidney mass extending to IVC that shows evidence of necrosis on imaging, which may be associated with BCS as in index case.

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Renal cell carcinoma, unclassified constitute about 3-4% of all renal carcinomas. It essentially is a tumor where more than morphological variants or subtypes are seen in a single tumor. Usually there is a mixture of 2-3 different types. However, in this particular case there were at least 5 different types of morphological patterns in a single tumor including areas of so-called rhabdoid differentiation. The patient underwent nephrectomy and has been asymptomatic for the last 3.5. years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of its own kind in the published literature.

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Primary prostatic lymphomas are extremely unusual neoplasms. Their rarity and nonspecific symptomatology at presentation usually prompt a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia or chronic prostatitis, leading to significant delay in diagnosis. Clinical examination, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are not of much utility in differential diagnosis, and histological examination is the gold standard. We report two cases of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of prostate, diffuse large B-cell type, diagnosed on TRUS-guided prostatic biopsies. Correct diagnosis is of crucial importance as the therapeutic strategy for lymphoma is radically different from that for carcinoma, and early detection of prostatic lymphoma can be potentially curative. Thus, knowledge of this rare entity, inclusion in differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction, and application of an appropriate immunohistochemical panel are essential so as not to miss this unusual diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary surgery.

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia worldwide. Skin lesions associated with CLL mostly develop on the bases of infectious or a hemorrhagic origin with an estimated incidence of 25% of all the cases. Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated with human herpes virus-8 infection is a spindle-cell, malignant, low-grade tumor originating from vascular and lymphatic endothelium. KS mostly presents with skin lesions as the initial presentation. The relation between these two pathologies has not yet been clarified up to date. Herein, we report a case of KS along with CLL to illustrate the possible relation between these two pathologies.

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The combination of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is extremely rare, and the prognosis for patients with these two cancers is poor. In the past decade, molecular targeted therapy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have emerged and these treatments are now playing an increasingly important role in the management of patients with advanced primary RCC and HCC. In this case report, a 72-year-old male patient diagnosed as having RCC invading the renal vein and grade I–II HCC was treated with RFA and sorafenib (400 mg twice daily). After 3 months of this combination treatment, an evaluation of his target lesions showed stable disease (SD), and progression-free survival (PFS) times were 28 monthsweeks for RCC and 16 monthsweeks for HCC. Overall survival (OS) was 40 weeks.

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Diarrhea, hyperglycemia, anemia, depigmentation of the hair, and rash are common side effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Neurological side effect like hallucination due to pazopanib is exceptionally rare in literature cases. Herein, we reported a case of hallucination related to pazopanib in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. A 47-year-old male patient with renal cell carcinoma developed repetitive hallucinations on the following days of pazopanib initiation. There was no other significant finding in the differential diagnosis of hallucination. Neurological symptoms disappeared after termination of pazopanib. We aimed to emphasize that neurological side effect like hallucination may rarely occur during the treatment of pazopanib and take note that physicians should be aware of this infrequent side effect in the patients treated with pazopanib.

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Primary intracranial tumors generally occur as solitary tumors. The association of two primary intracranial tumors of different histogenesis in the same individual is rare, except in cases of phakomatoses or radiation-induced tumors. Meningiomas and vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are one of the commonest tumors occurring intracranially. VS account for 80% of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors, with meningiomas being the second most common tumor of the CPA. The occurrence of both a schwannoma and a meningioma in the CPA is rare. We report a case with coexistent CPA meningioma and VS, which were distinct radiologically on preoperative imaging, however had admixed areas of VS and meningioma on histopathological evaluation.

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Introduction: Accurate dosimetry at the interface of two different density medium (e.g., air cavity in the head and neck cancers and lungs in thoracic region) is a major cause of concern in external beam radiation therapy. It has been observed that there is dose variation in and around air cavities, which occur as a result of the loss of both longitudinal and lateral electronic equilibrium. Heterogeneous structures with spatial differences in functionality and sensitivity for radiation pose challenge to radiation dosimetry. This study is an attempt to evaluate the dose perturbations produced at the interface of two medium for C0-60 gamma radiation. Materials and Methods: Low density polyethene foam has been used to mimic air cavity. GAFCHROMIC EBT2 dosimetry film was used for the measurement of dose at different locations. Simulation studies were performed using DOSRZnrc user code that comes with EGSnrc V4 2.4.0. Cylindrical geometry is used for all the simulations. Results and Discussion: We observed significant variation in dose for smaller fields. There is a dose build down in the backward region and a dose build up in the forward direction. In the region of electronic disequilibrium, dose reduction near interface (proximal end) will have negative impact if target region is embedded there, on the contrary, it would be beneficial if there is normal tissue/critical organ adjacent to it.

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Vascularity is a highly essential element that is required for the growth, development, and functioning of the body and variations in it can cause pathologies. It is one of the prime features of a proliferating lesion, where it aids in the growth of the lesion through its nutrition supply. Highly increased vascularity in a disease can itself affect the prognosis of the lesion, and in malignancies, it can induce tumor seeding and secondaries. Most of the pathologies including tumors, related to blood vessels, and vascularity are well established. There are some conditions, wherein altered vascularity is one of the prime components along with other diagnostic components of an established disease. In such cases, these lesions are diagnosed with special names, with varying biological behavior and prognosis in comparison to that of established entity. However, there still are few similar conditions whose nature is uncertain due to the rarity of the lesion and the insufficient scientific evidence which eludes the diagnostician. Here is the report of two cases of ameloblastoma, an established entity, with significant vascularity whose nature is indeterminate.

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Aim of Study: To identify whether nodal ratio (NR) of positive to excised nodes is superior to number of positive lymph nodes to predict group to avoid chemotherapy among postmenopausal ER-positive, lymph node-positive, T1-T2 breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, lymph node-positive patients who received endocrine therapy (n = 173) with complete baseline data in our hospital between 2000 and 2006 were included. The disease-free survival (DFS) was compared. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the prognostic value of chemotherapy with different NR for DFS. P - values less than 0.05 were regarded as significant. Results: The median follow-up was 72 months. Three of 13 variables analyzed remained significantly prognostic for survival in the Cox proportional hazards model. These included age (hazard ratio (HR) =1.642, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.154-2.337, P = 0.006); histological grade (HR = 2.463,95% CI = 1.389-4.367, P = 0.002); and NR (HR = 2.280, 95% CI = 1.113-4.671, P = 0.024). Subgroup analysis by NR status showed that in patients with NR ≥ 0.20, chemotherapy significantly improves DFS (HR = 0.360, 95% CI = 0.195-0.663, P = 0.001); while in patients with NR < 0.20, chemotherapy did not significantly affect DFS (HR = 0.677, 95% CI = 0.227-2.107, P = 0.493). Radiotherapy is an important factor that improves DFS in lymph node-positive patients, so it is considered in all analysis. Conclusion: This retrospective analysis demonstrates that NR of positive to excised nodes, but not number of positive lymph nodes is better to predict group to avoid chemotherapy among postmenopausal ER-positive, lymph node-positive T1-T2 breast cancer patients.

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Although rare, pancreatoblastoma is the most common pancreatic tumor in children. Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from a pancreatoblastoma is very rare with only two previously reported cases. We present the management and the lesson learnt in a 3-year-old child with recurrent pancreatoblastoma with Cushing syndrome.

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Meningiomas at extracranial sites are uncommon clinical presentations. They may present in the form of benign, slow.growing masses or may exhibit aggressive malignant behavior. We report two cases of intracranial meningiomas presenting at extracranial sites that are, at the sinonasal tract/external auditory canal and as a neck mass. The clinical presentations, histopathological features and appropriate management are discussed.

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Myxoid adrenal cortical neoplasms are rare. To the best of our knowledge, no such case has been reported in pediatric or infantile age group till now. Here we report a case of non-functional myxoid adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) in a 7-month-old girl, who presented with a large mass in the abdomen. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of alveolar clusters of cells with focal pseudoglandular architecture in a background of abundant alcian blue positive myxoid matrix. Compressed rim of adrenal tissue was identified at periphery. The patient was put on a close follow-up in view of scarce literature on the subject. She has been doing fine without any recurrences. Myxoid adrenal cortical tumors expand the differential diagnoses of a myxoid neoplasm in retroperitoneum.

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Coexistence of tuberculosis (TB) in the breast or axillary lymph nodes with breast carcinoma though rare is not unknown. A 55-year-old woman presented with right axillary and left supraclavicular lymphadenopathies with no detectable lesion in either breasts or left axilla. Right axillary lymph node excision biopsy revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic workup showed intense fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid lymph nodes on the left side neck at level V, supraclavicular, axillary, subpectoral and para-aortic regions, and low FDG activity in the right breast. Core biopsy of right breast lesion was reported as invasive ductal carcinoma and cytology of multiple left axillary lymphadenopathies as reactive hyperplasia. Excision biopsy of the supraclavicular lymph nodes unveiled the diagnosis of TB. She underwent right-modified radical mastectomy followed by external beam radiotherapy, has completed antituberculous treatment and is on follow-up. Extrapulmonary TB though uncommon; may be found in certain cases. Clinicians must be aware of its existence.

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Myxoid degeneration of the appendix wall without accompanying acute appendicitis (AA) is rare. We report two cases of myxoid degeneration of appendix associated with appendiceal adhesions. Both the cases showed marked splitting and disruption of smooth muscle fibers of muscularis propria by abundant myxoid ground substance and dispersed degenerated hypereosinophilic myofibers with pyknotic nuclei. Scattered degenerated myocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm were also identified. Focal serosal fibrosis was observed in both cases. We reviewed other pathologic processes that involve the appendix such as fibrous obliteration, AA, and appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN) and conclude that the constellations of pathologic findings described herein are unique. Nonneoplastic dissecting myxoid degeneration of the appendix muscularis propria has not been reported in the pathology literature to date. The pathologic nature of appendiceal mucinous stromal change remains unclear; however, we hypothesize that the lesion occurs as a consequence of traction related injury to the appendix.

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Background: The aim of our study was to assess the association of CYP1A1 2454A > G polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant trials until December 2013. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on geographical region and size of the study samples. Results: Thirteen eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis with 3490 cases and 4076 controls. There were significant associations under the overall ORs for G-allele comparison (G vs. A, pooled OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.61, P = 0.03), GG versus AA comparison (pooled OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.17-1.91, P < 0.01), recessive model (GG vs. GA + AA, pooled OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.20-1.94, P < 0.01) between CYP1A1 2454A > G polymorphism and CRC risk. Subgroup analyses stratified by geographical region demonstrated an association in Asia and Europe, but not in America. Conclusion : This meta-analysis suggests that CYP1A1 2454A > G polymorphism might be associated with susceptibility of CRC and the allele G might increase the CRC risk in Asia and Europe.

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Ante.grade migration of a feeding jejunostomy tube is a rare occurrence. A. 47.year.old lady with hypopharyngeal malignancy underwent surgical placement of jejunostomy tube. Eight months later, she came with disappearance of the tube from skin surface. Clinical examination revealed skin erosion and disappearance of previously placed tube. Abdominal radiograph showed radio.opaque tube in the abdomen in its entirety. The patient underwent reoperation to establish enteral feeding route and at the same time retrograde extraction of the tube. (from proposed site for placement of jejunostomy tube). Use of proper fixation, placement of tube with dilated distal ends can potentially prevent these complications.

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Choriocarcinoma is a malignant trophoblastic cancer, the incidence of primary choriocarcinoma (PCC) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being extremely rare, with only 14 cases being reported in worldwide literature. Here we present an extremely rare case of PCCof the appendix in a 32-year-old male who presented with acute pain abdomen. Histopathological examination revealed PCC of the appendix. Examination of the testis was unremarkable. Further investigations revealed a very high serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-HCG) titer with a normal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Radiological imaging showed multiple areas of liver metastasis. Chemotherapy-based treatment with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) regime was advised, however the patient failed to follow-up for further management.

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A 26-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus. (HIV).negative male, a diagnosed case of locally advanced adenocarcinoma rectum underwent diversion colostomy and received preoperative radiotherapy with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. (3DCRT) to a dose of 25Gy/5Fx/8. days to 95% planning target volume. (PTV) with 3-field technique. (right and left lateral and posterior) by 6 and 15 MV photons. Postradiotherapy contrast-enhanced computed tomography. (CECT) chest and abdomen showed progressive disease. He was reviewed by oncosurgeon and considered inoperable. He presented with a swelling over upper eyelid, which on biopsy was proven as metastatic adenocarcinoma. He received three cycles of weekly chemotherapy and was planned for excision and reconstruction of eyelid. He finally succumbed due to small bowel obstruction, acute renal failure, and septicemia after an overall duration of survival of seven months. Eyelid metastases occur in less than one percent of malignant eye lesions in adults. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported with a primary in rectum.

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Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a major heritable renal cell cancer (RCC) syndrome. 24-45% of VHL patients have a cumulative risk to develop RCC. The management of VHL has changed significantly as clinicians have learned how to best balance the risk of cancer dissemination while minimizing renal morbidity. Despite the improving management of this disease, there are no evidence-based guidelines of the treatment of localized and advanced RCC in VHL. Here, we describe a 39-year-old patient with VHL disease who developed metastatic RCC and received sunitinib with complete remission.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most frequent brain cancers with a very poor prognosis. According to cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, therapies that are more specifically directed against CSCs might result in much more durable responses. Recently, we treated a case of GBM basing on the conception of CSC and gained a better clinic outcome. A 37-year-old male patient complained weakness of left limbs for 1 month. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive lesions in the right hemisphere. We performed an intracranial tumor partial resection and the postoperative pathological diagnose was GBM. 1 month later, he received monthly chemotherapies with the combination of nimustine and nicardipine for totally 4 times. At the last chemotherapy, MRI scan showed the cancer almost completely disappeared with significantly improved clinic condition. The combination therapy of chemotherapeutics and nicardipine may be a promising treatment for patients of GBM at advanced stage.

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Context: Malpingian carcinoma (MC) of the bladder is a rare entity. Although distant metastases are very rare it is, usually, diagnosed in the advanced stage, and most patients die. Aims: The aim was to reveal the characteristics of this tumor and discuss reasons explaining its particular biological behavior. Settings and Design: The pathologic and clinical characteristics, as well as treatment and outcome of six consecutive cases, were retrospectively studied. Subjects and Methods: Medical records of patients with bladder tumors who were treated in our hospital from 2004 onward were reviewed in order to identify those with MC of the bladder. Results: We identified found seven cases. Almost all had locally advanced disease. Three developed visceral metastases and died within few months from the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: Monitoring protocols required for the early control of local recurrence.

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Neurotoxic reactions of chemotherapy occur frequently and are often dose limiting side effects of chemotherapy. It is important to differentiate these various nonneoplastic effects from metastases, or sometimes even from each other, since the therapeutic approach differs accordingly. To arrive at a definitive and comprehensive diagnosis, the radiologist should integrate imaging findings, clinical signs, and laboratory results together. Here we present a unique case of chemotherapy induced reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a 13-year-old patient of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

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T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is highly aggressive mature postthymic lymphoproliferative disorder, which is characterized by several clinical features. Leukemic prolymphocytes are found in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and sometimes skin. T-PLL and solid tumor coincidence was reported by only four previous cases. Solid tumor components included breast cancer, classic Kaposi sarcoma, gastric cancer, and lung cancer in those cases. We report the first case of T-PLL, an extremely rare disease, presented with serous effusion in an elderly prostate cancer patient in literature.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common, malignant tumor of liver. Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma are associated with either viral hepatitis or cirrhosis. But major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries is mainly chronic hepatitis B. Sorafenib is one of the first-line drug which has been extensively used in metastatic and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. We report a rare case of spontaneous deep venous thrombosis of bilateral lower limbs as an important unrecognized side effect of sorafenib.

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Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are most commonly found in head and neck region, but it can occur at other sites occasionally. Involvement of ovary by this tumor is exceedingly rare. Here, we report a case of primary ovarian plasmacytoma in a 47-year-old woman. The p atient presented with a lower abdominal pain and a left ovarian mass (12 cm × 10 cm) was detected during the ultrasonographic examination. The patient underwent hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Subsequent histopathologic, immunohistochemistry, bone marrow examination, and other relevant examinations established the diagnosis of primary ovarian plasmacytoma. The patient did not receive the postoperative chemotherapy and 6 months follow-up was uneventful.

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Cervical vagal schwannoma is an extremely rare neoplasm. Middle aged people are usually affected. These tumors usually present as asymptomatic masses. These tumors are almost always benign. Preoperative diagnosis of these lesions is important due to the morbidity associated with its excision. Preoperative tissue diagnosis is not accurate. The imaging modality can be done to assess the extent and for planning the treatment. Surgical excision with preservation of neural origin is the treatment option. Giant vagal schwannomas are extremely rare. Only one case has been reported in the literature till date. There has no reported case of extensive vagal schwannoma from skull base to the mediastinum. Here, we describe the asymptomatic presentation of an unusual appearing giant cervical vagal schwannoma with an extension from skull base to the mediastinum.

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Ewing's sarcoma (ES)/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors usually arise in the long bones of children and young adults. Primary ES of the cranium is unusual. Treatment involves multi-modality therapy incorporating surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy; outcomes are similar to those arising from long bones. We report a case of Primary ES of the squamous part of temporal bone with intracranial extension in a 9-year-old girl who was treated with surgery, chemotherapy followed by adjuvant radiotherapy by volumetric arc therapy. Post 1-year of treatment the girl is performing well in her classes.

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In the presented case, we report gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in a patient using adjuvant imatinib in whom isolated metastasis to anterior tibial muscle as first recurrence was diagnosed. A 66-year-old woman was diagnosed with GIST on October 2012 and was followed up with adjuvant imatinib until June 2014. In this time, there was a nodular and fixed lesion with 1.5-2 cm of diameter in right lateral pre-tibial area. The lesion was resected, and it was reported as GIST metastasis by pathologist. GIST metastasis to muscle under knee is a generally unexpected area for any tumor metastasis. In modern treatment era, due to the increasing survival of the patients with GIST using targeted therapy, the metastatic pattern and behavior of GIST may be changing.

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Multiple primary cancers involved in the larynx of differentiating synchronous multiple primary cancers from metastasis can often be very difficult, especially when they have the same histology. However, it is very important because the therapeutic approach is completely different. Clinical situations like this appear to be increasing as a result of the recent popular use of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Herein, we report two cases of multiple primary cancers involved in the larynx.

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Juan-Ron fever named after Juan Rosai and Ronald Dorfman is the fever associated with Rosai-Dorfman disease also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML). It is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by abundant macrophages in the lymph nodes throughout the body. Usually patient presents with painless lymphadenopathy. We present a case of a 45-year-old male who presented to us with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and fever, later on diagnosed to have SHML.

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Bone is quite an uncommon site of metastasis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We report a rare case of HCC presenting as a rapidly progressive painful soft tissue swelling with isolated metastasis to the radius bone of right forearm. The present article emphasizes the point that HCC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with palpable soft tissue swelling with destruction of the underlying bone. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the soft tissue mass revealed cytomorphological features of HCC. The primary tumor of the liver was diagnosed retrospectively, following FNAC of the osteolytic lesion in the right radius bone, which revealed HCC.

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Carcinomas of lung, breast, colon, kidney, and malignant melanomas are the most common malignancies that metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS). Phyllodes tumor is a rare fibroepithelial tumor of the breast, often having unpredictable recurrences, with increasing histological grade and distant metastasis. Malignant forms exist, which may develop distant metastases usually to the lung, pleura, bone, and liver. CNS metastasis of phyllodes tumor is rare and associated with a poor prognosis, with resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. We present a rare case of cerebellar metastasis in recurrent phyllodes tumor breast with subsequent rapid downhill course.

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The spine is an uncommon location for granulocytic sarcoma that is an extramedullary deposit of malignant myeloid cells. Very few cases are reported in literature as occurring in aleukemic patients. Due to histopathological similarity with lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and multiple myeloma, the diagnosis is often missed. We describe a 22-year-old man presented with worsening dorsal compressive myelopathy in whose treatment was started after initial diagnosis of a lymphoma and who has had no leukemic conversion even after 2 years.

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Gliosarcoma is an uncommon high-grade tumor which constitutes about 2% of all glioblastomas. These tumors have the histological hallmark of a biphasic pattern of high-grade glial and sarcomatous components. The histogenesis of these tumors is controversial. We report a case of primary gliosarcoma in an adult male with leiomyomatous differentiation and discuss the histogenesis as it appears in our case. Primary gliosarcomas of the brain are clinically challenging with a poor clinical outcome.

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The importance, imaging characteristics and outcome of focal thyroid incidentaloma on fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) have been illustrated in this report. This is drawn from a series of three case examples of proven malignancy at different locations, with three different thyroid cytopathological diagnoses. Subsequently, a case-based discussion on present consensus of the management of this entity has been undertaken including certain specific aspects of PET-CT interpretation and its role in this setting.

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Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among cancer patients is widely prevalent and often underreported. Advanced stage of disease is significantly associated with CAM use. The concurrent use of alternative medicines and chemotherapy drugs has the potential to lead to toxicities as well as altered therapeutic activity due to unknown interactions. We report a case of early breast cancer who presented to us with non-oliguric acute renal failure related concurrent use of Ayurvedic medicines and adjuvant anthracycline based.

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Kimura's disease (KD) was first described in 1937 by Kimm and Szetoas a reactive, self-limiting, painless, persistent lesion mimicking neoplasm and described it as eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma. The present nomenclature was given by Kimura et al., in 1948. It occurs most often in young and middle-aged Asian males. It is most common in head and neck region, involvement of peripheral vasculature although very rare has been documented.

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Bevacizumab is a drug that is widely used for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Bevacizumab neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor and can lead to proteinuria and renal damage. In this case, experience on full dose short-time treatment of bevacizumab in a patient under immunosuppressive treatment for renal transplantation with chronic renal failure has been shared. The patients were diagnosed with mCRC 7 months ago. The patient had multiple liver metastases at the time of the diagnosis. He had a history of renal transplantation 2 years ago because of renal failure, and he had been under immunosuppressive treatment for this reason. 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin-irinotecan -bevacizumab regimen was begun for the treatment of mCRC. The dose of bevacizumab was 5 mg/kg/day for 14 days. There was 2.5 g/day of proteinuria at the start of the treatment. However, renal dysfunction progressed, and proteinuria increased to 4 g/day in the 3 ^rd month of treatment. In this case, the experience of using bevacizumab in a patient under immunosuppressive treatment for renal transplantation with chronic failure has been presented.

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