Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the invasion and migration of cancer cells. In melanoma, several signaling pathways are constitutively activated. Among these, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) signaling pathways are activated through multiple signal transduction molecules and appear to play major roles in melanoma progression. Therefore, the inhibition of MAPK signaling might be a crucial role for the treatment of melanoma cancer. Aims: We examined the anticancer effect of CME-1, a novel water-soluble polysaccharide fraction, isolated from Cordyceps sinensis mycelia on B16-F10 melanoma cells. Materials and Methods: B16-F10 cells were exposed to different concentrations of CME-1 (250, 500 and 800 μg/ml) for 24 h in 5% CO ² incubator at 37°C. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MMP-1, p-p38 MAPK, p-ERK1/2, and IkB-α in B16-F10 cells. Cell migration test was performed by wound healing migration assay. Results: CME-1 suppresses cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis revealed that CME-1 led to the reduction on the expression levels of MMP-1 and down regulated the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). CME-1 restored the IkB-degradation in B16F10 cells. Conclusions: These results indicate that CME-1 inhibited MMP-1 expressions in B16F10 melanoma cells through either NF-kB or ERK/p38 MAPK down regulation thereby inhibiting B16F10 cell migration. Therefore, we proposed that CME-1 might be developed as a therapeutic potential candidate for the treatment of cancer metastasis.

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Primary melanoma of the anal canal is rare and highly malignant condition, which is 1% of all invasive tumors in this site. This condition is often mistaken for benign conditions as either hemorrhoids or rectal polyp. Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation causes high proliferation of malignant melanoma. The association of hypothyroidism with primary malignant melanoma of anal canal is very rare. We are reporting such a very rare case.

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Background and Aims: Extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is one of the most important factors correlated to poor outcome of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the role of ETE in the prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and the factor associated with ETE of PTMC are unclear. We investigated clinicopathological, immunohistochemical factors associated with ETE of PTMC to identify whether PTMC with ETE would have more adverse prognostic factors and higher risk for recurrence. Setting and Design: We enrolled patients performed thyroidectomy due to PTC between January 2003 and June 2008 and selected patients diagnosed with PTMC among them. We investigated numerous clinicopathological, immunohistochemical factors of selected patients. Materials and Methods: Data from 325 patients diagnosed with conventional PTMC by intraoperative frozen section and final pathology were recorded retrospectively. Statistical Analysis Used: A χ² test or an independent two-sample t-test, multiple logistic regression analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test. Results: Thirty-four percent of patients (325 of 952) had PTMC on final pathology. Among them, the number of patients with and without ETE was 91 and 234, respectively. On both univariate and multivariate analysis; ETE of PTMC correlated with size (P < 0.001); tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging (P = 0.001); multifocality (P = 0.001); lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001); radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy (P = 0.001); and recurrence (P = 0.037). Conclusions: ETE of conventional PTMC is associated with size, multifocality, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. More extensive surgery should be considered for patients having ETE identified by intraoperative frozen sections, preoperative imaging, and intraoperative finding and other high risk factors.

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Alopecia due to radiation has remained a widely accepted aspect of radiotherapy. We present an unexpected clinical scenario, where a patient with left lung stage IIIB nonsmall cell adenocarcinoma, treated with radiochemotherapy achieved a complete response and developed an obscure late effect in terms of paradoxical hypertrichosis in the radiation portals. The paper presents plausible hypothesis for this unusual phenomenon.

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Benign fibrous histiocytomas (BFH) are neoplasms of the soft tissue and bone composed of fibroblastic and histiocytic components without any nuclear pleomorphism or histological anapalsia. Primary intracranial fibrous histiocytomas are rare entities. In comparison with the malignant counterpart, BFH are more uncommon. We describe a case of a 54-year-old woman, who presented with complaints of headache, giddiness, and gait instability of six months' duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies revealed an extra-axial lesion in the inferior aspect of the left temporal lobe suggestive of en-plaque meningioma. Subsequent histopathological examination of the biopsy sample revealed a benign fibrous histiocytoma, with involvement of the overlying temporal bone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for vimentin and CD68, with MIB-1 labeling index (MIB-1LI) of 2%, confirming the diagnosis.

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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by specific morphology, immunophenotype and genetic rearrangements. Multiple recurrent chromosomal aberrations have been identified by conventional cytogenetic analysis, which are now widely recognized as one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic determinants in AML. Here, we present a case with unusual cytogenetics, which has been described in very few patients.

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We report a case of a 63-year-old lady presenting with pain in the right hypochondrium, jaundice, anorexia, and firm tender hepatomegaly with remarkably high serum alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic solid space-occupying lesion in right lobe of liver which was cytologically diagnosed as hepatic plasmacytoma. Serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis, serum free light chain ratio, and bone marrow examination further confirmed the presence of lambda light chain multiple myeloma in the background. The patient achieved complete remission after four cycles of induction therapy with thalidomide and dexamethasone protocol and consolidated with further four cycles of the same regimen.

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The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of mandible in adults. The presentation of this entity is varied and often confused with a variety of mucosal and jaw lesions and clinical, radiological, and pathological feature of CEOT often-mimic malignancy. The objective of this report is to highlight the clinical features and radiological findings which should arouse suspicion of a benign lesion and importance of providing adequate clinical information to the pathologist to attain accurate diagnosis.We discussed two cases with tumors located in the maxilla. Both presented as expansile lesions with one biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma. Both were pursued with clinico-radiological suspicion of benign lesions and confirmed with pathological correlation of histology and immunohistochemistry as CEOT. Therefore a High index of suspicion and clinico-radiological information are the key feature for diagnosis of this rare tumor.

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Background: Hormone receptor expression has been reported to be low in breast cancer patients from developing countries. The pattern of receptor expression from urban and rural areas is not well studied. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 206 consecutive breast cancer patients presenting to a semi urban cancer centre from 2009-2010. The demographic and clinical variables included age, residential area (rural, semi urban, or urban), menopausal status, and clinical stage. The pathological variables included tumor type, the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ, lymphovascular invasion, and expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Results: The majority of patients were postmenopausal with the median age of 50 years. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common subtype (94%). The ER status was available in 101 (49.3%), PR in 99 (48.0%), and HER2 in 82 (39.8%) cases. In patients in whom this data were available, ER was positive in 44.6%, PR in 40.4%, and HER2 in 34.2%. Out of the 82 patients in whom data on all three receptors were available, 34.1% patients had triple negative tumors. Analysis of our data showed a trend toward increasing ER and PR expression with age but this was not statistically significant. The average age of menopause was between 40-50 years of age. Conclusion: This report is an important documentation of the pathological characteristics in a predominantly rural/semi urban population of Indian breast cancer patients. Further studies from other centers with a similar background are required to confirm these results.

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Aim: To investigate potential sparing of critical neurological structures (CNSs) during radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma (VS) employing different techniques and dose prescription methods. Materials and Methods: Fused CT and MRI datasets of eight patients with unilateral VS representing a wide range of target volume (0.48 to 12.08 cc; mean = 3.56 cc), shape and proximity to CNSs such as cochlea, trigeminal nerve and brainstem were re-planned employing static conformal field (SCF), dynamic conformal arc (DCA) and intensity modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) techniques. For every patient, five plans were created for a fixed margin dose of 12 Gy prescribed at 80% in three plans (SCF_80%, DCA_80%, and IMRS_80%) and 50% in another two plans (SCF_50% and DCA_50%). All plans were compared using standard dosimetric indices. Results: Primary goal of every plan to cover ≥99% of target volume with 12 Gy was fulfilled for all patients with minimum significant dose to target (D ₉₉ ) ≥11.99 Gy. Best conformity index (CI _Paddick = 0.62 ± 0.12) was observed in SCF_80% and DCA_80% plans whereas; sharpest dose gradient index of 3.40 ± 0.40 was resulted from DCA_50%. All five plans resulted similar maximum dose to brainstem (11.04 ± 2.23 to 11.53 ± 1.10 Gy), cochlea (9.02 ± 1.79 to 10.15 ± 1.26 Gy) and trigeminal nerve (11.55 ± 1.38 to 12.19 ± 2.12 Gy). Among 80% prescription plans, IMRS_80% reduces mean and D ₅ (P < 0.05) to all CNSs. Prescription of dose at 50% isodose sharpened the dose gradient and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mean dose and D ₅ to all CNSs at the cost of target conformity (P = 0.01). Mean dose to cochlea and trigeminal nerve were least at 4.53 ± 0.86 and 6.95 ± 2.02 Gy from SCF_50% and highest at 6.65 ± 0.70 and 8.40 ± 2.11 Gy from DCA_80% plans respectively. Conclusion: This dosimetric data provides a guideline for choosing optimum treatment option and scope of inter institutional dosimetric comparison for further improvement in radiosurgery of Vestibular Schwannoma (VS).

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Purpose: This aim of this study was to determine if a less resource-intensive and established offline correction protocol - the No Action Level (NAL) protocol was as effective as daily online corrections of setup deviations in curative high-dose radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 683 daily megavoltage CT (MVCT) or kilovoltage CT (kvCBCT) images of 30 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy were evaluated. Daily image-guidance was performed and setup errors in three translational axes recorded. The NAL protocol was simulated by using the mean shift calculated from the first five fractions and implemented on all subsequent treatments. Using the imaging data from the remaining fractions, the daily residual error (RE) was determined. The proportion of fractions where the RE was greater than 3,5 and 7 mm was calculated, and also the actual PTV margin that would be required if the offline protocol was followed. Results: Using the NAL protocol reduced the systematic but not the random errors. Corrections made using the NAL protocol resulted in small and acceptable RE in the mediolateral (ML) and superoinferior (SI) directions with 46/533 (8.1%) and 48/533 (5%) residual shifts above 5 mm. However; residual errors greater than 5mm in the anteroposterior (AP) direction remained in 181/533 (34%) of fractions. The PTV margins calculated based on residual errors were 5mm, 5mm and 13 mm in the ML, SI and AP directions respectively. Conclusion: Offline correction using the NAL protocol resulted in unacceptably high residual errors in the AP direction, due to random uncertainties of rectal and bladder filling. Daily online imaging and corrections remain the standard image guidance policy for highly conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer.

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Background: In stratified squamous epithelia, syndecan-1 is proposed to function as a cellto cell adhesion molecule, and plays an important role in regulation of cell growth and differentiation during the developmental process. Oral cancer is a disease with complex etiology, so biological behavior in carcinomas preceded by dysplastic states is difficult to assess and predict its prognosis. Hence, syndecan-1, a recently recognized tumor marker has been proved to be an eminent diagnostic and prognostic tool in assessing biological behavior of various potentially premalignant andmalignant lesions. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 40 specimens of premalignant stateand 10 specimens of normal mucosa.Thesections were stained withhematoxylin and eosin, andimmunohistochemicallyusing syndecan-1 a primary antibody and was observed under light microscope. Results: Expression decreased with the decreasing grades of dysplasia. Conclusion: Syndecan-1 can be efficiently used in early detection and diagnosis of oral carcinoma.

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Objective: Angiogenesis performs a critical role in the development of cancer. Angiogenesis research is a cutting-edge field in cancer research. Proteomics is a powerful tool in identifying multiple proteins that are altered following a neuropharacological intervention in a disease of the central nervous system. Diagnostic oncoproteomics is the application of proteomic techniques for the diagnosis of malignancies. Materials and Methods: We extracted proteins of tumor and normal brain tissues and then evaluated the protein purity by Bradford test and spectrophotometery method. In this study, we separated proteins by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis method and the spots were then analyzed and compared using statistical data and specific software, after providing three-dimensional images of spots alteration. Spots were identified by pH isoelectric, molecular weights, and data banks. Results: Simple statistical test were used to establish a putative hierarchy in which the change in protein level were ranked according a cutoff point with P < 0.05. Apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) protein and albumin were consistently upregulated in astrocytoma brain tumors. Conclusion: The vascular microenvironment of glioma play a major role in determining the pathophysiological character is tics of the tumor. apo A1 and albumin are very significant due to their functional consequences in glioma tumor growth, migration and angiogenesis.

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Introduction: The treatment of choice in cancer esophagus is controversial. Radiation therapy oncology group, Eastern cooperative oncology group and Cochrane studies have shown superiority of concurrent chemoradiation in inoperable carcinoma esophagus. In these studies full dose cisplatin was given every 3 weeks along with radiotherapy and hence had some toxicity. So, we started treating inoperable carcinoma esophagus patients with low dose weekly cisplatin given concurrently with radiotherapy aiming at low toxicity and similar results. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 cases of inoperable cases of carcinoma esophagus were treated with once weekly cisplatin 30 mg/m ² along with radiotherapy 60 Gy in 30 fractions in 6 weeks on Telecobalt/Linear accelerator. Results : w0 e could achieve lower toxicity with 80%, 35% and 19% with 1, 2, and 3 year's survival with a median survival of 18 months. So, we conclude that this regimen is better than 3 weekly chemotherapy regimen as is better tolerated with less toxicity and similar outcome.

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Context: Herceptin and its fragments have been radiolabeled and used in the imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu-positive tumors and development of diagnostic kits is of great importance in radiopharmacy. Aims: In this study, ¹¹¹ In-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-trastuzumab ( ¹¹¹ In-DOTA-trastuzumab) was successively prepared and evaluated for ultimate use in the HER2 antigen imaging in oncology. Settings and Design: The conjugate was prepared, labeled and evaluated using in vitro (radioimmunoassay [RIA], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), stability, binding, internalization)/in vivo (bio-distribution, single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) experiments. Materials and Methods: ¹¹¹ In-DOTA-trastuzumab was prepared followed by determination of radiochemical purity (RCP), integrity of protein, immunoreactivity of radiolabeled antibody with HER2/neu antigen (by SkBr3 cell line binding and RIA methods) were determined followed by stability tests, internalization studies and the tissue bio-distribution determination in wild-type rats as well as SPECT imaging in SkBr3-bearing mice. Statistical Analysis Used: All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) and the data were compared using Student's t-test. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: ¹¹¹ In-DOTA-trastuzumab was prepared (RCP >95 ± 0.5%, S.A. 5.3 μCi/μg) with the average number of chelators per antibody of 6:1 showing significant immune-reactivity retention using ELISA. In vitro stability was >90% in phosphate buffered saline and 80 ± 0.5% in serum over 48 h. Cell binding was significant (>0.79). In vitro internalization reached up to %12-13 in 10 h. Significant tumor uptake was observed. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo/SPECT imaging in SkBr3-bearing mice demonstrated that ¹¹¹ In-DOTA-trastuzumab is a potential compound for molecular imaging of SPECT for diagnosis and follow-up of HER2 expression in oncology.

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Background: The present study aims to analyze the impact of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) on management change in patients with suspected or proven colorectal cancer recurrence, and to assess the effect of this management change on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 122 patients with suspected potentially resectable recurrent colorectal cancer who underwent PET/CT scan. We determined management plans for these patients before and after the PET/CT examination. Results: While previous conventional imaging studies had revealed solitary metastases, additional sites of disease were determined by PET/CT scan in 52/122 (42%) patients. PET/CT examination results changed the treatment plan to curative intent in 35 (37%) patients. While the median PFS was 22 months (95% CI, 11.2-32.6 months) among the patients planned to receive curative treatment after the PET/CT scan, it was 11 months (95% CI, 8.1-13.9 months) in patients planned to receive curative treatment before the PET/CT examination, and the difference between median PFS durations was statistically significant (HR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.32 - 0.88], P = 0.004). Furthermore, OS was significantly longer in patients planned to receive curative treatment after the PET/CT scan (27 months [95% CI, 22.1-31.9]) compared with those who received curative treatment before the PET/CT scan (21 months [95% CI, 15.6 - 26.4]), and the difference was statistically significant (HR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.42 - 0.89], P = 0.045). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the significant impact of PET/CT on the management and outcome in patients with recurrent colorectal cancer.

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Background: Previous results demonstrated dietary 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) delayed appearance of cancer in certain murine strains. In addition, it had a benefit not found with other organosulfurs, in that it completely prevented spontaneous development of cancer in BXSB-Yaa ⁺ over an entire lifespan. Aims: These benefits raise the question: What, if any, alteration of radiation-induced tumorigenesis would 2-ME impart that may differ from that of other sulfur antioxidants? This is relevant based on the extensive use of radiation in diagnoses and therapy and 2-ME's superior in vitro and in situ immune enhancement properties. Materials and Methods: This was addressed by exposing long-lived, B10.A (4R) mice to sublethal, 5.5 Gy ionizing gamma-rays and then tumor development monitored over a lifetime. Statistical Analysis: Two-tailed P-values were determined using the Fischer's Exact Test. Results: The only tumors detected were mammary and only in animals that were both exposed to radiation and not treated with 2-ME. The 43% incidence differed significantly from the absence of tumors in non-irradiated mice that were or were not exposed to 2-ME and in those irradiated and treated daily with 2-ME, irrespective of whether treatment was started prior to or post irradiation. However, quite unexpectedly, radiation shortened longevity 29% from undefined causes, including cancer, in animals pretreated with 2-ME; longevity was not altered in those not pretreated or if treatment was started post-irradiation. Conclusions: The findings have relevance for cancer prevention and the controversy relative to ''long term survival/safety'' of currently used antioxidants as free radical scavengers in humans undergoing radiotherapy.

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Background: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a widely used targeted molecule in prostate patients. The present research, attempts to support the hypothesis that PSMA expression in prostate cancer stem cell-like (CSC) cell populations may be correlated with nanog and other transcription factors in different stages of prostate carcinomas. Materials and Methods: To provide more accurate evidence of the above, a population of prostate CSCs was isolated and analyzed using different protocols. The first method was based in the ability of CSCs to form spherical colonies in semi-suspension of a culture. A qPCRbased protocol and a flow cytometric analysis protocol were chosen to test the presence of stemness markers and PSMA in the selected populations. Results: The formation of micro-sphere in semi-suspension has been pointed out. In the other panels of the test, the linear correlation between PSMA and nanog in gene and protein level was shown. However, the statistical analysis including the coefficient of variationand standard deviation's values) has proved that there were differences in PSMA expression between cancer cells and CSCs. Conclusion: The previous analysis has pointed out that PSMA expression may be correlated with nanog's expression as well as with other confounders in a population of prostate CSCs.

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Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) is a devastating disease. Only surgery can provide effective treatment. The resectability of pancreatic cancer is mainly determined by image studies. However, half of the patients deemed as operable, radiologically, are found to be inoperable during surgery. Previously, we have showed that both CA 19-9 and tumor size could predict PCA resectability, independently. Here, we aimed to determine the cut-off value for tumor size permitting PCA resectability by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 372 patients undergoing surgery for histopathologically proven PCA. We compared tumor sizes of patients in resectable and unresectable groups and analyzed them by the ROC curve. Results: The tumor size in unresectable groups is significantly larger than that in the resectable group. The area under the ROC curve was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.665-0.789), which represented a good correlation between the tumor size and pancreatic cancer resectability. The PCA patients with a tumor diameter of > 4.8 cm had a 5.043-fold higher chance of unresectability than did those with a tumor diameter < 4.8 cm (odds ratio, 5.043; 95% CI, 3.221-7.894). Conclusions: A tumor diameter > 4.8 cm is a potential ancillary parameter for determining the resectability of PCA in addition to traditional image studies. Diagnosis laparoscopy may be indicated for radiologically resectable PCA patients with tumor size > 4.8 cm to prevent unnecessary laparotomy.

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Background: The impact of intravenous (IV) contrast media (CM) on radiation dose calculations must be taken into account in treatment planning. Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of an intravenous contrast media on dose calculations in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for lower esophageal and rectal cancers. Materials and Methods: Seventeen patients with lower esophageal tumors and 12 patients with rectal cancers were analyzed. At the outset, all patients were planned for 3D-CRT based on the computed tomography (CT) scans with IV contrast media. Subsequently, all the plans were copied and replaced on the scans without intravenous CM. The radiation doses calculated from the two sets of CTs were compared. Results: The dose differences between the planning image set using intravenous contrast and the image set without contrast showed an average increase in Monitor Units (MUs) in the lower esophageal region that was 1.28 and 0.75% for 6 and 15 MV photon beams, respectively. Conclusion: There was no statistical significant difference in the rectal region between the two sets of scans in the 3D-CRT plans. The results showed that the dose differences between the plans for the CT scans with and without CM were small and clinically tolerable. However, the differences in the lower esophageal region were significant in the statistical analysis.

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Background: The overall goal of this study is to use a bacterial toxin as drug delivery agents for chemotherapy drugs and overcome the development of resistance to these medicines. COR-L105 and MDA-MB 231 which are epithelial-like were used in this study. Cytotoxicity assays were performed by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) as metabolic indicator. The toxin was essential to kill 50% (CT50) and IC ₅₀ value (inhibition growth value) for methotrexate were determined as optical density at 540 nm. Epsilon toxin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using non-aqueous technique. Surface morphology, in vitro drug release, and encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles was determined. Results: Results confirmed that using non-toxic concentration of epsilon toxin, resistance to cancerous cell decreased significantly, which could be an important result in cancer therapy. The synergistic effect of MTX and epsilon toxin showed that bio toxins can be used as supplement with chemical drugs and increase the effect of chemotherapy. The results illustrated that application of PLGA as drug delivery system due to its controlled release properties was beneficial. Conclusion: These finding proposed that due to the ease of local accessibility of lung tumors with aerosol drug delivery, biotoxins can directly be used with chemotherapy drugs in aerosol form.

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Introduction: Dosimetric study to compare high dose rate (HDR) vaginal vault ovoid brachytherapy plan versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) boost plan for doses delivered to target volume and organs at risk (OAR) in postoperative patients of cervical carcinoma following whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT). Materials and Methods: Fifteen postoperative patients of cervical carcinoma suitable for vaginal ovoid brachytherapy following WPRT of 46 Gy/23 fractions/4.5 weeks were included. All were treated with brachytherapy (two sessions of 8.5 Gy each). The equivalent dose for IMRT was calculated by computing biologically effective dose of brachytherapy by linear quadratic model. Dose of brachytherapy (two sessions of 8.5 Gy) was equivalent to IMRT dose of 26 Gy/13 fractions. Doses to target volume and OAR were compared between HDR and IMRT plans. Results: Target volume was well covered with both HDR and IMRT plans, but dose with brachytherapy was much higher (P < 0.05). Mean doses, doses to 0.1, 1, 2, and 5cc, 1/3 ^rd , 1/2, and 2/3 ^rd volume of bladder and rectum were significantly lower with HDR plans. Conclusion: In postoperative patients of cervical carcinoma, HDR brachytherapy following WPRT appears to be better than IMRT for tumor coverage and reducing dose to critical organs.

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Background: The main site of ovarian cancer metastasis is the omentum. Omental adipose tissue is known for contribution to the tumor growth and metastasis through different mechanisms. Aims: In the present study, adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) were isolated from the omentum of patients with ovarian cancer and those with ovarian cysts and the expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors and cytokines were analyzed. Materials and Methods: ASCs were isolated from omental adipose tissues obtained of 10 ovarian cancer and 25 ovarian benign cyst patients. Our investigations were done by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, flowcytometry, western blot and also enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Result: Expression of CXCL-10 and CCR5 showed statistically significant difference between omentum derived ASCs of ovarian cancer patients compared with those with benign cysts (P < 0.05). Expression of interleukin-10 also detected in the supernatant of cultured malignant ASCs. Conclusion: Omental adipose tissue may play crucial roles for tumor promotion through the expression of tumor promoting chemokines. Accordingly, tumor surrounding adipose tissue may be a novel target for immunotherapy of cancer.

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Context: Early detection of cytological damages may help in reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with oral cancer. Aims: (1) The primary aim of this study is to assess the cytogenic damage in the form of micronuclei (MN) in patients with smokeless and smoked tobacco using habit. (2) The secondary aim of this study is to compare the MN score in patients using tobacco and patients with no tobacco habit. (3) To find out incidence of MN according to duration and frequency of tobacco usage. Settings and Design: This is a clinical study. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients each with the habit of smokeless tobacco (SLT) chewing, smoked tobacco usage and with no habit were included in the study. Epithelial cell smears were prepared and slides were stained with Papanicolaou stain. Scoring of at least 1000 cells was done and a MN frequency score was assigned for exfoliated oral mucosal cells. Statistical Analysis: Analysis of variance and post hoc tests were used. Results: The difference between the total number of cells with MN was not appreciable between the smokeless and smoked tobacco groups, though the total number of MN was higher in subjects using SLT. Total number of cells with MN and the total number of MN were significantly lower in non-tobacco users when compared with tobacco users. There was very weak positive correlation between the total number of MN as per the duration and frequency of the tobacco habit. Conclusion: The use of smokeless and smoked tobacco are associated with cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. SLT seems to cause more damaging effects than the smoked form.

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Aims: To estimate serum lipid profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma and correlate the risk factors and lipid profile with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Lipid profile was done in agriculturists/laborers in the age group of 30-70 years; 56 subjects (cases = 28, control = 28) were included. Study was carried out for a duration of four months; statistical analyses applied were mean, standard deviation, and independent 't' test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Eleven cases had buccal mucosa cancer, nine had tongue carcinoma, and eight had gingivobuccal sulcus carcinoma. Lipid profile such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were marginally and slightly elevated in cases compared to controls. HDL was grossly decreased in cases compared to controls. Conclusions: There was a significant association between HDL and squamous cell carcinoma; maximum number of SCC had a history of smoking in the range of 10-19 years, irrespective of other lipid parameters, constrained to the fact that lipids are genetically determined, have geographical variation, and are highly skewed.

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Introduction: Both inflammation and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation are thought to play a role in the many human cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the D-loop region in carcinogenesis of gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 20 patients with gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma were taken for measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration. Direct sequencing of mtDNA in the D-loop region was done in the 20 adenocarcinoma samples and their corresponding surrounding non-cancerous tissue. Sequences were compared with existing mtDNA databases to identify mutations. Results: mtDNA mutations in the D-loop region occur commonly with almost identical frequency in both non-cancerous tissue (3.0 ΁ 1.6) and adenocarcinoma (3.1 ΁ 1.9) (P = 0.916, paired t-test). CRP levels are not predictive of the number of D-loop mutations in both adenocarcinoma (β: -0.131; 95% CI: -2.354-1.364; P = 0.583) and non-cancerous tissue samples (β: 0.130; 95% CI: -1.125-1.933; P = 0.586). Five new mutations were identified that were not recorded previously in mtDNA databases. Conclusion: D-loop mtDNA mutations are common in both gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma and surrounding non-cancerous tissue. However, the accumulation of such mutations appears to occur independent of systemic inflammation. The frequency of D-loop mutations is likely not useful as a marker for carcinogenesis in gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

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Background: Whether clinical pathways (CPWs) used in surgery for uterine fibroids have positive effects or not remains unclear. Aims: To assess the implementation effectsof CPW sin surgery for uterine fibroids. Materials and Methods: Eight databases were searched comprehensively from inception to November 2012, which including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, etc. Two reviewers selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data of included studies independently. Jadad methodological approach was applied to assess the quality of included studies and meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.1 software. Results: Ten studies involving 775 patients were included. The aggregate overall results showed that a shorter average length of stay (mean difference (MD) = -1.61; 95% CI (-1.91, -1.31); P < 0.00001) and days of waiting for surgery (MD = -0.75; 95% CI (-1.06, -0.44); P < 0.00001) were associated with CPWs. A reduction in inpatient expenditures was observed in CPWs compared with usual care (MD = -1197.69; 95% CI (-1582.04, -813.35); P < 0.00001). A higher score of patient satisfaction was also found in CPWs. Conclusion: CPWs could significantly improve the quality of care in patients undergoing uterine fibroids surgery, which were associated with a significant reduction in average length of stay and days of waiting for surgery, a decrease in inpatient expenditures and an improvement in patient satisfaction. Formulating evidence based CPWs and variation control in CPWs should be focused in the future.

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Background: The incidence of melanoma is rising at a rate greater than any other malignancy, although much of this increase is due to the more frequent diagnosis of patients with the earlier stages of melanoma. Objective: In this study, patient and tumor-related characteristics and their effects on survival were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The data was drawn from the patients' records with histologically proven primary cutaneous melanomas treated at the Ankara Oncology Hospital between January 2003 and December 2010. Sixty-nine patients (48 men and 21 women) were included in this study. 17 of the patients had already distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. While 45 of all patients had undergone surgery alone, 17 had received only palliative radiotherapy, and 7 had received primary radiotherapy. Survival curves were determined from the time of diagnosis. Results: A total of 69 cutaneous melanoma cases were evaluated. While there was a predominance of males in all body sites, especially in the head and neck regions, the number of male patients was 5 times higher than females. Diseases located on the head tended to present a significantly higher rate in older patients (P = 0.009). Overall survival rates for 1 and 3 years were 79% and 44%, respectively. Distant metastatic melanoma was significantly related with poor prognosis (P < 0.001). Anatomic location showed a borderline significancy as a prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.053). Conclusion: Cutaneous melanomas developing at different body sites are associated with distinct patterns of survival outcomes. In this retrospective analysis, melanomas of the head and neck and limb, which are regional melanoma, appear to have better survival outcomes.

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Introduction: In this study, we designed and evaluated a wedged dynamic arc therapy (W-DAT) to provide the desirable concaved-shape dose distribution to cover the target in the treatment of head and neck sequence cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Eight patients were treated using W-DAT. The dose prescriptions were 70 Gy and 54 Gy, in 35 fractions, to the sites of the gross planning target volume (PTV1) and the microscopic (PTV2) diseases respectively. This technique consists of four wedged half-arcs of moving multi-leaf collimator leaves to fit PTV1 and shield brain stem at all gantry rotations. These were combined with two anterior-posterior conformal fields of different weighing to improve the dose uniformity. Another two anterior-posterior conformal fields were designed to cover the PTV2. All of the eight fields were half blocked by the normal jaws so there is no dose overlap at the interface between the two targets. Results: Referring to radiation therapy oncology group protocol 0615, 95% of the PTV1 was covered by more than 95% (66.50 Gy) of the prescribed dose, with very low dose inhomogeneity index of 0.0670 ± 0.0007. The maximum dose to 1% of the planning organ at risk volumes-brainstem didn't exceed 56.10 ± 2.17 Gy while the two parotids were well spared as they received a mean dose of 21.97 ± 3.24 Gy. Isocentric ion chamber measurements showed good agreement with the treatment planning system calculated dose with the maximum deviation of 2.40% while film measurements yielded lesser than 4.20% of the pixels failed the acceptance gamma criteria of (3 mm, 3%). Conclusion: W-DAT technique was approved in our department as the standard choice for the radical treatment of head and neck sequence cell carcinoma.

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Aim of Study: The aim of this study is to explore the ability of the carotenoids (CARs) to offer protection against acute cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) (25 mg/kg) in tumor bearing Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Tumor bearing Swiss albino mice administered with DOX (25 mg/kg, i.p) and two doses of CARs (50 and 100 μg/kg). 24 h after administration of the drugs, histopathological evaluation of tumor, liver and heart tissues carried out. Furthermore, various antioxidant parameters in these tissues were investigated. Serum marker enzymes for tissue injury were examined. Results: Administration of CARs prevented the depletion of antioxidants in the heart and liver, thereby protecting the tissue damage and release of marker enzymes. However, similar antioxidant depletion was not observed in the tumor tissue. CARs prevented DOX induced variation in tissue architecture in heart and liver tissues. However, CARs did not influence DOX induced alterations in the tumor. Conclusion: Administration of CARs could prevent DOX induced acute toxicity to heart and liver.

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Background: Nucleostemin has been shown to be essential for proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells. In this study, we evaluate and comparing nucleostemin expression in CD133+ and CD133- colon cancer cell line HT29. Materials and Methods: After preparation and culturing of HT29 cell line, isolation was performed using magnetic cell separation system by CD133 MicroBeads and phycoerythrin conjugated to monoclonal anti-human CD133 monoclonal antibody and analyzed with flow cytometry. For quantitative expression of nucleostemin in HT29, CD133+ and CD133- cells used specific nucleostemin primer and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase primer as endogenous control. Results: The results showed the percentage of CD133+ cells in HT29 colon cancer cell line ranged from 36.5% to 41.5%, whereas the percentage of CD133- cell ranged from 58.5% to 63.5%. The expression rate of nucleostemin in HT29, CD133+ and CD133- cells were 1.44 ± 0.78, 1.60 ± 0.70 and 1.00 ± 0.18 (respectively). The comparison of expression rate represents no significant difference in nucleostemin expression in CD133+, CD133- and HT29 colon cancer cells. Conclusion: It is concluded that nucleostemin expression could not be specific in a certain type of cells in colon cancer cell line HT29 and controlling strategies in colon cancer must not be focused on one certain type of colon cancer cells as main expressing nucleostemin gene.

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Background: Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare disease and compared with other soft-tissue sarcomas has a relatively high mortality rate. The optimal management of this disease and prognostic factors associated with patient outcome remains controversial. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the outcomes of SS patients in the adjuvant setting. Patients and Methods: In this Turkish multicenter study, we assessed the data of 69 SS patients regarding prognostic factors for SS patients retrospectively. Results: Our study included 69 localized SS patients (38 males and 31 females) with a median age of 34.5 years (minimum-maximum: 14-68 years). Overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates for 5 years were 64% and 25%, respectively. All patients under went surgical treatment; 64 patients were treated with a wide excision and 5 patients had an amputation. According to the univariate analysis, adverse prognostic factors for OS were male sex, higher mitotic activity, high Ki-67 levels, trunk localization and inadequate surgical margins. In multivariate analysis, none of these factors had independent significant association with OS. Prognostic factors for DFS; in the univariate analysis were higher mitotic activity, high Ki-67 levels and inadequate surgical margins. Only higher mitotic activity (≥10 high-power field) was significantly associated with worse DFS in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 0.30, % confidence interval: 0.11-0.80, P = 0.017). Conclusion: Our study confirms that high mitotic activity is significantly associated with decreased DFS. The question of whether the chemotherapy provides a survival advantage in patients having adverse prognostic factors requires confirmation in randomized trials.

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Background: The prognosis of cerebral metastases (MTS) is linked to progression of both systemic and local disease. The importance of MTS resection has been already pointed out. The observation of a high mortality for not-neurological causes confirms that the modern treatments allow a significant control of the disease within the nervous system. Nevertheless, management difficulties increase with multiple lesions and in these cases the role of surgery has still to be defined. Materials and Methods: We collected the clinical data of patients operated in two centers for cerebral MTS from lung carcinoma during 8 years. Patient selection for surgery followed definite criteria; the limit for multiple MTS was three. We analyzed the functional and survival outcomes of the cohort. Results and Conclusions: Our series included 242 patients: 105 had multiple MTS. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences in mean survival and outcomes between patients with single and multiple lesions. The decease occurred for neurological causes in 15.7% of cases. The selection of candidates for surgery requires several considerations and entails the success rate of this treatment. In patients with the multiple lesions who fulfilled the selection criteria we observed a nevertheless satisfying success after the operation. Our results imply that surgery may be applied also in selected patients with more diffuse intracranial disease. A pre-operative accurate patient selection is related to acceptable quality-of-life following the operation even in cases of multiple MTS.

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Aim: To develop a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with ultraviolet detection method of vandetanib in rat plasma. Materials and Methods: Samples were extracted with methanol and acetonitrile, evaporated, and then the residue was reconstituted in mobile phase. Vandetanib and the internal standard (I.S.) trazodone hydrochloride were separated with gradient elution (on a C18 Atlantis^® column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/0.5% triethylamine, pH 3.0, with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min), then detected at 341 nm. Results: A linear curve over the concentration range of 80-4000 ng/ml (R ² = 0.9998) was obtained. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy ranged from 98.80% to 103.08% and 95.32% to 98.40%, with high precision (R.S.D. % <5%), respectively. The mean absolute recovery was 96.65%. Conclusion: A simple and sensitive HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection method was developed for the determination of vandetanib in rat plasma. This method is sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of vandetanib in small animals and may be applied to human pharmacokinetic studies.

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Aim: The objective of this study is to characterize differential proteomic expression among well-differentiation and poor-differentiation colorectal carcinoma tissues and normal mucous epithelium. Materials and Methods: The study is based on quantitative 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by PDquest. Results: Excluding redundancies due to proteolysis and posttranslational modified isoforms of over 600 protein spots, 11 proteins were revealed as regulated with statistical variance being within the 95 ^th confidence level and were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting in matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Progression-associated proteins belong to the functional complexes of tumorigenesis, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and the regulation of major histocompatibility complex processing and other functions. Partial but significant overlap was revealed with previous proteomics and transcriptomics studies in CRC. Among various differentiation stage of CRC tissues, we identified calreticulin precursor, MHC class I antigen (human leukocyte antigen A ), glutathione S-transferase pi1, keratin 8, heat shock protein 27, tubulin beta chain, triosephosphate, fatty acid-binding protein, hemoglobin (deoxy) mutant with val b 1 replaced by met (HBB), and zinc finger protein 312 (FEZF2). Conclusions: Their functional networks were analyzed by Ingenuity systems Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and revealed the potential roles as novel biomarkers for progression in various differentiation stages of CRC.

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Background: To evaluate 'Rapid Arc (RA)' technique for delivering fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) in patients with recurrent high grade gliomas (HGGs) for minimizing the dose to previously radiated high dose brain volume. Materials and Methods: Between April 2010 and February 2011, 16 consecutive patients with recurrent HGGs and previously treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and Temozolamide received FSRS. The median time between IMRT and FSRS was 10.72 months. FSRS to a dose of 30 Gy in a median of 5 fractions was delivered to the recurrent tumor (gross tumor volume [GTV]). Brain volume around the GTV and previously treated to a mean dose >50 Gy was delineated as "Avoidance Volume (AV)." Patients were planned with both RA and Dynamic Conformal Arc (DCA) to achieve minimum dose to AV. Dose received by GTV, AV, rest of the normal brain (brain minus PTV) and conformity index (CI) and heterogenecity index (HI) were compared by the two techniques. Results: At a median follow up of 7.33 months, median progression free and overall survival was 6.4 and 9.3 months, respectively. Mean dose to AV was significantly lower with RA as compared with DCA (10.8 Gy vs. 15.5 Gy, P - 0.0001) with no significant difference in the dose delivered to GTV. No patient developed radiation necrosis. Conclusion: As compared with DCA, RA delivered significantly less dose to previously radiated high dose brain volume. It may contribute to minimizing the risk of radionecrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with recurrent HGG.

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Research in psycho-oncology investigates the psycho-social and emotional aspects of cancer and how this is related to health, well-being and overall patient care. Coping with cancer is a prime focus for researchers owing to its impact on patients' psychological processing and life in general. Research so far has focused mainly on quantitative study designs such as questionnaires to examine the coping strategies used by cancer patients. However, in order to gain a rich and deep understanding of the reasons, processes and types of strategies that patients use to deal with cancer, qualitative study designs are necessary. Few studies have used qualitative designs such as semi-structured interviews to explore coping with cancer. The current paper aims to review the suitability and benefits of using qualitative research designs to understand coping with cancer with the help of some key literature in psycho-oncology research.

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