|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2008 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 3 | Page : 126-130 |
|
Normal tissue complication probability of fibrosis in radiotherapy of breast cancer: Accelerated partial breast irradiation vs conventional external-beam radiotherapy
KS Jothy Basu, Amit Bahl, V Subramani, DN Sharma, GK Rath, PK Julka
Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, India
| Date of Web Publication | 27-Sep-2008 |
Correspondence Address:
Amit Bahl
Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.43143
Aims: Radiotherapy forms an integral part of breast-conserving treatment in early-stage breast cancer. Subcutaneous fibrosis of the treated breast is an important late effect in whole-breast irradiation. The aim of this study was to compare the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for radiation-induced fibrosis in treated breast using accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) vs conventional treatment.
Materials and Methods: Ten postoperative early-stage breast cancer patients (T1N0M0) were included in this dosimetric analysis. APBI treatment was planned using conformal radiotherapy technique and conventional treatment plans included two tangential portals. All the APBI treatment plans were made with five non-coplanar beams with 6 MV photons. The prescription dose was 38 Gy in 10 fractions for the APBI treatments and 50 Gy in 25 fractions, followed by a boost dose of 16 Gy in 8 fractions, for the conventional treatments. We used Lyman's relative-seriality model and the breast fibrosis NTCP model fitting parameters for the study.
Results: The equivalent uniform dose (EUD) was 30.09 Gy and 50.79 Gy in APBI and conventional treatment, respectively. The mean NTCP values for ipsilateral breast fibrosis in APBI and conventional treatment were 0.51 and 25.66%, respectively. Using the paired t-test, a statistically significant difference was seen in the breast fibrosis NTCP values for APBI vs conventional treatment (P <0.001).
Conclusions: APBI reduces the ipsilateral breast fibrosis compared to conventional whole-breast treatment in early-stage breast cancer. Keywords: Accelerated partial breast irradiation, breast, normal tissue complication probability
How to cite this article:
Jothy Basu K S, Bahl A, Subramani V, Sharma D N, Rath G K, Julka P K. Normal tissue complication probability of fibrosis in radiotherapy of breast cancer: Accelerated partial breast irradiation vs conventional external-beam radiotherapy. J Can Res Ther 2008;4:126-30 |
How to cite this URL:
Jothy Basu K S, Bahl A, Subramani V, Sharma D N, Rath G K, Julka P K. Normal tissue complication probability of fibrosis in radiotherapy of breast cancer: Accelerated partial breast irradiation vs conventional external-beam radiotherapy. J Can Res Ther [serial online] 2008 [cited 2021 Apr 13];4:126-30. Available from: https://www.cancerjournal.net/text.asp?2008/4/3/126/43143 |
| > Introduction | |  |
Breast -conserving treatment involving whole breast radiotherapy is a well-accepted treatment modality in women presenting with early-stage breast cancer. [1],[2] However, concerns over long-term cosmetic, cardiac, and pulmonary toxicity are increasingly being debated. As treatment techniques become more refined, the focus on cosmetic outcome is increasing. Fibrosis is one of the important long-term sequelae seen in irradiated breasts using conventional tangential fields and has an significant impact on the cosmesis and quality of life of the patients. A grade III-IV fibrosis of 10-16% has been seen in patients on longer follow-up. [3] Using limited radiotherapy fields is one way of decreasing this treatment-related morbidity. Conformal radiotherapy techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been shown to reduce chronic breast edema after treatment. [4] However, an increase in late normal tissue toxicity has also been reported using IMRT in breast cancer treatment due to a larger volume of tissue receiving sub-prescription doses. [5] Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) appears to be another promising modality for reduction of chronic treatment-related effects. [6] APBI treatment can be delivered either by brachytherapy using mammosite or interstitial techniques or with external-beam radiotherapy using conformal portals.
Though dosimetric comparison of different techniques used to deliver APBI have been reported, none of these studies have used normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling to quantify post-treatment fibrosis. [7] NTCP models can help us predict the expected long-term fibrosis in treated patients and help compare different treatment techniques. In this dosimetric study we have used the relative-seriality model to predict NTCP for fibrosis in treated breasts using APBI delivered with conformal 3D external-beam technique and whole-breast conventional tangential treatments followed by electron boost.
| > Materials and Methods | | |
Ten postoperative early-stage breast cancer cases (T1N0M0) were included in this dosimetric study. CT images of all the cases were acquired with a slice thickness of 2.5 mm with the patient immobilized in the treatment position. The lumpectomy cavity was identified with the help of surgical clips. Eclipse™ (Varian Associates, Palo Alto, CA) treatment-planning system was used for contouring and planning. A uniform margin of 2 cm was given to the gross tumor volume (GTV) to clinical target volume (CTV) and a uniform margin of 1 cm was given to the CTV to planning target volume (PTV). The target volume outside or close to the skin was removed with a skin-to-target margin of 5 mm. To calculate the NTCP of the ipsilateral breast fibrosis we subtracted the target volume from the normal breast tissue using Boolean functions available in the treatment planning system and named it normal ipsilateral breast tissue (NIBT). A detailed description of the treatment planning and radiobiological model used in the study is given below.
Treatment planning
All the conventional initial-phase and APBI treatment plans were planned using 6 MV photons. The conventional treatment comprised an initial-phase treatment followed by a boost treatment with electron beam to the primary tumor. The initial-phase treatment was planned using conventional photon tangential fields with SSD (source-to-skin distance) technique. The field parameters such as field weight, wedge angle, and collimator angle were chosen so as to achieve maximum coverage and dose uniformity in the region of interest. The boost treatment was planned with electrons in the energy range of 9-16 MeV, depending upon the target coverage and dose uniformity achievable for the selected patient. The prescription doses were 50 Gy in 25 fractions for the initial-phase and 16 Gy in 8 fractions for the boost-phase. The field arrangements are shown in [Figure 1a] and [Figure 1b].
APBI treatment was planned with a combination of five coplanar and non-coplanar beams with 6 MV photons with isocentric technique. Wedges were used wherever necessary to increase the dose uniformity. The prescription isodose level was chosen such that at least 95% of the target volume would receive the prescription dose. The prescription dose was 38 Gy in 10 fractions for the APBI treatment. The field arrangements are shown in [Figure 2a] and [Figure 2b].
NTCP model
The NTCP model used in this study is entirely based on the model fitting parameters calculated by Alexander et al . and the relative-seriality model proposed by Kallman et al . [8] The relative-seriality model, which is based on the Poisson model of cell survival, gives the probability P(D, v) of cell death when a fractional volume v is given a dose D [Equation 1]:
Where γ is the slope of the dose-response curve at 50% response and D 50 is the dose to cause a given effect in 50% of the population. In this we have replaced D by equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and D 50 by EUD 50 . EUD 50 is 62.4 Gy in conventional fractionation as calculated by Alexander et al . Using this probability model the NTCP is calculated as follows:
Where s describes the hybrid serial/parallel architecture of the organ, a large value of s indicates a serial structure, and a small value indicates a parallel structure. An s value of 0.12 is used in this study as calculated by Alexander et al .
For the purpose of calculating EUD the dose matrices of the initial and boost phases were summed for the conventional treatment. The differential dose-volume histograms (DVH) of the NIBT were used to calculate the EUD with 'a' value of 0.78 as calculated by Alexander et al ., using Equation 3 proposed by Niemeirko [9] :
Where v i is the fractional volume irradiated to dose D i , V Total is the total volume of the structure, and 'a' is the tissue-specific model fitting parameter.
For the APBI plans the individual voxel doses were converted to conventional fractionation doses using the classical biologically equivalent dose (BED) equation [Equation 4]; the voxel equivalent doses (VED) were then used to calculate the EUD for equivalent fractionation. [10]
Where D is the total dose delivered, d is the dose per fraction, and α/β is a tissue-dependant parameter. In this study, we used an α/β value of 3, as normal breast parenchyma behaves as late-reacting tissue.
| > Results | | |
In the APBI patients the mean EUD was 30.09 Gy and it was 50.79 Gy in conventional treatment. The mean NTCP values for ipsilateral breast fibrosis APBI and conventional treatment were 0.51 and 25.66%, respectively. Using paired t-test, a statistically significant difference was seen in the breast fibrosis NTCP values for APBI vs conventional treatment ( P <0.001) [Figure 3]. The doses to other critical structures like heart and lungs are minimal and can be considered negligible. The bar charts for EUD and NTCP are shown in [Figure 4] and [Figure 5] for APBI and conventional treatments. The equivalent cumulative DVH is shown in [Figure 6] for normal ipsilateral breast tissue for APBI and conventional treatments.
| > Discussion | | |
Radiation-induced fibrosis is influenced by a number of factors like age, nutritional status, coexisting morbidity, surgery, and biological differences between patients. Radiotherapy-related factors can also play a major role in determining the extent of fibrosis. Cosmetic outcome is important in breast-conserving treatment, and doses above 50 Gy used in whole-breast radiotherapy are known to be associated with a poor cosmetic outcome. [11] Our study has shown the superiority of APBI delivered by 3D conformal radiotherapy over conventional treatment in reducing radiation-induced fibrosis in ipsilateral breast. APBI using 3D conformal radiotherapy has been shown to be almost equivalent to multicatheter brachytherapy and mammosite brachytherapy in terms of EUD and tumor control probability. [12] Alexander et al . have analyzed NTCP for fibrosis in breast, comparing IMRT with conventional treatment methods. Their results showed increased NTCP with IMRT treatments due to increased dose to areas receiving sub-prescription doses.
APBI is expected to reduce breast fibrosis more than conventional whole-breast radiotherapy; however, there are very few studies that have attempted to calculate the NTCP for breast fibrosis, probably due to lack of radiobiological model fitting parameters. We have attempted to quantify the fibrosis complication probability in APBI and conventional treatment. Such radiobiological models will be of great help for designing individualized treatments for patients and also to assess the prescription dose. Even though these radiobiological models are highly dependant on the model fitting parameters, it can be used to compare plans where the relative difference is less likely to be affected by input parameters.
However, an APBI treatment protocol needs to be carefully implemented. Delineation of the lumpectomy cavity can be a source of error. APBI treatments should not be attempted unless the lumpectomy cavity can be clearly identified with the help of surgical clips placed at the time of surgery. The issue of organ motion also needs to be addressed. Using image-guided radiotherapy or an active breathing coordinator may be a way out. In the absence of such sophisticated equipment, a slightly larger PTV can be taken to compensate for respiratory motion. Many of these issues call for a larger randomized study to be undertaken.
| > Conclusions | | |
APBI planned by conformal techniques scores over conventional techniques in reducing fibrosis in treated breast. Our study also underlines the importance of using biological indices in routine plan evaluation comparing different treatment techniques and competing plans.
| > References | | |
| 1. | Veronesi U, Luini A, Del Vecchio M, Greco M, Galimberti V, Merson M, et al . Radiotherapy after breast-preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast. N Eng J Med 1993;328:1587-91 
|
| 2. | Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C. Breast-conserving surgery with or without radiotherapy: Pooled-analysis for risks of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:115-21
|
| 3. | Fehlauer F, Tribius S, H φller U, Rades D, Kuhlmey A, Bajrovic A, et al . Long-term radiation sequelae after breast-conserving therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer: An observational study using the LENT-SOMA scoring system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:651-8.
|
| 4. | Harsolia A, Kestin L, Grills I, Wallace M, Jolly S, Jones C, et al . Intensity modulated radiotherapy results in significant decrease in clinical toxicities compared with conventional wedge based breast radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:1375-80.
|
| 5. | Alexander MA, Brooks WA, Blake SW. Normal tissue complication probability modelling of tissue fibrosis following breast radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2007;52:1831-43.
|
| 6. | Vicini FA, Remouchamps V, Wallace M, Sharpe M, Fayad J, Tyburski L, et al . Ongoing clinical experience utilizing 3D conformal external-beam radiotherapy to deliver partial-breast irradiation in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:651-8.
|
| 7. | Patel RR, Becker SJ, Das RK, Mackie TR. A dosimetric comparison of accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques: Multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and supine versus prone helical Tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:935-92.
|
| 8. | Kδllman P, Agren A, Brahme A. Tumour and normal tissue responses to fractionated non-uniform dose delivery. Int J Radiat Biol 1992;62:249-62.
|
| 9. | Niemierko A. A generalised concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Med Phys 1999;26:1100.
|
| 10. | Steel GG. Basic clinical radiobiology. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 1997. p. 32-112.
|
| 11. | Shelley W, Brundage M, Hayter C, Paszat L, Zhou S, Mackillop W. A shorter fractionation schedule for post-lumpectomy breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:1219-28.
|
| 12. | Bovi J, Qi S, White J, Li XA. Comparison of three accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques: Treatment effectiveness based upon biological models. Radiother Oncol 2007;84:226-32.
|
[Figure 1a], [Figure 1b], [Figure 2a], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 2b]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Trends in Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Elderly Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer |
|
| Carrie Luu,Leanne Goldstein,Bryan Goldner,Hans F. Schoellhammer,Steven L. Chen | | Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2013; 20(10): 3266 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Dosimetric and geometric evaluation of a novel stereotactic radiotherapy device for breast cancer: The GammaPodâ„¢ |
|
| Mutaf, Y.D. and Zhang, J. and Yu, C.X. and Yong Yi, B. and Prado, K. and DæSouza, W.D. and Regine, W.F. and Feigenberg, S.J. | | Medical Physics. 2013; 40(4) | | [Pubmed] | | | 3 |
Dosimetric and geometric evaluation of a novel stereotactic radiotherapy device for breast cancer: The GammaPod™ |
|
| Yildirim D. Mutaf,Jin Zhang,Cedric X. Yu,Byong Yong Yi,Karl Prado,Warren D. D’Souza,William F. Regine,Steven J. Feigenberg | | Medical Physics. 2013; 40(4): 041722 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Polymeric nanoparticles containing taxanes enhance chemoradiotherapeutic efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer |
|
| Jung, J. and Park, S.-J. and Chung, H.K. and Kang, H.-W. and Lee, S.-W. and Seo, M.H. and Park, H.J. and Song, S.Y. and Jeong, S.-Y. and Choi, E.K. | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2012; 84(1): e77-e83 | | [Pubmed] | | | 5 |
Use of Topical Superoxide Dismutase in the Management of Radiation-induced Fibrosis: A Neglected Opportunity? |
|
| Christian Diehl | | journal of Cancer Therapeutics and Research. 2012; 1(1): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing Taxanes Enhance Chemoradiotherapeutic Efficacy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer |
|
| Joohee Jung,Sung-Jin Park,Hye Kyung Chung,Hye-Won Kang,Sa-Won Lee,Min Hyo Seo,Heon Joo Park,Si Yeol Song,Seong-Yun Jeong,Eun Kyung Choi | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2012; 84(1): e77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Complication probability model for subcutaneous fibrosis based on published data of partial and whole breast irradiation |
|
| Michele Avanzo, Joseph Stancanello, Marco Trovò, Rajesh Jena, Mario Roncadin, Mauro G. Trovò, Elvira Capra | | Physica Medica. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
A case report on bilateral partial breast irradiation using SAVI |
|
| Aime M. Gloi, Robert Buchanan, Jeff Nuskind, Corrie Zuge, Anndrea Goettler | | Medical Dosimetry. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Four-Year Efficacy, Cosmesis, and Toxicity Using Three-Dimensional Conformal External Beam Radiation Therapy to Deliver Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation |
|
| Chen, P.Y., Wallace, M., Mitchell, C., Grills, I., Kestin, L., Fowler, A., Martinez, A., Vicini, F. | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2010; 76(4): 991-997 | | [Pubmed] | | | 10 |
Initial Efficacy Results of RTOG 0319: Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) Confined to the Region of the Lumpectomy Cavity for Stage I/ II Breast Carcinoma |
|
| Frank Vicini,Kathryn Winter,John Wong,Helen Pass,Rachel Rabinovitch,Susan Chafe,Douglas Arthur,Ivy Petersen,Julia White,Beryl McCormick | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2010; 77(4): 1120 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Four-Year Efficacy, Cosmesis, and Toxicity Using Three-Dimensional Conformal External Beam Radiation Therapy to Deliver Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation |
|
| Peter Y. Chen,Michelle Wallace,Christina Mitchell,Inga Grills,Larry Kestin,Ashley Fowler,Alvaro Martinez,Frank Vicini | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2010; 76(4): 991 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Initial Efficacy Results of RTOG 0319: Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) Confined to the Region of the Lumpectomy Cavity for Stage I/ II Breast Carcinoma |
|
| Vicini, F., Winter, K., Wong, J., Pass, H., Rabinovitch, R., Chafe, S., Arthur, D., (...), McCormick, B. | | International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2010; 77(4): 1120-1127 | | [Pubmed] | | | 13 |
Can accelerated partial breast irradiation be a treatment standard? [Czy przyspieszone napromienianie fragmentu piersi może być standardem postȩpowania?] |
|
| Gisterek, I. and Szelachowska, J. and Kornafel, J. | | Wspolczesna Onkologia. 2009; 13(4): 196-200 | | [Pubmed] | | | 14 |
Systemic delivery and preclinical evaluation of Au nanoparticle containing β-lapachone for radiosensitization |
|
| Jeong, S.-Y., Park, S.-J., Yoon, S.M., Jung, J., Woo, H.N., Yi, S.L., Song, S.Y., Choi, E.K. | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2009; 139(3): 239-245 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for